The name
The name of the Romans is derived from the name of the Roman Empire, and the Seljuks were called on their lands the name of the Romans because they were founded on lands long considered Roman (Byzantium). This country has sometimes been called a Konya Sultanate or Iconic Sultanate according to ancient Western sources.
The establishment
Suleiman expanded the territory of his kingdom and extended to close to Antioch, but was killed in 1086 in Antioch by the ruler of Syria, Tach ben alp Arslan, and his son, his son, Qalij Arslan I, was sent to his prison in Isfahan, and he was released after the death of Malakshah Qalaj Arslan I tried to counter the First Crusade but was defeated at the First Battle of Dorlem to be efficient in south-central Anatolia. And he made Nicaea the capital of his kingdom. In 1107 he tried to advance east to control Mosul but died in the same year that he began his war against Muhammad ibn MalakshahThe Seljuk Roman dynasty is a branch of the Great Seljuks. And after the Battle of MalazKurd, 1071 AD. Defeating the Romans, the Seljuks extended their control over Anatolia, and the founder of the state, Kamish ibn Arslan, a relative of the Seljuk ruler, was able to establish the state. His son, Suleiman ibn Aqamish (1077-1086), succeeded. He is one of the cousins of the majesty of the state, the king of Shah and a former rival to the throne of great Seljuk, who extended his control over western Anatolia. In 1075, he was able to occupy some Byzantine lands such as Iznik and Azamit. Two years later, he declared himself a Seljuk Sultan independent of 3]
After the death of Qalij Arslan, the Sultanate's chair remained empty, until his son, King Shah bin Qalaj Arslan, was released from a prison in Isfahan. The Sultanate was handed over after the death of King Shaharkin al-Din Massoud, who moved the capital to Konya in 1116, and who succeeded in occupying it with the help of the Daneshmands, and until his death in 1156 he had ruled most of the land in central Anatolia. His son, Qalij Arslan II, also succeeded in taking control of the rest of the territory around Sioas and Maltiya from the Daneshmandins. He also defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Merikavallon in 1176, dealing a major blow to the main force in the region. The German army also occupied Konya in 1190 for a short period of time in the Third Crusade.
The Seljuk of the Romans became the only representatives of the Seljuks after the death of the last Seljuk sultan, Taghrul III, in 1194. Kesrow I succeeded in retaking Konya from the hands of the Crusaders in 1205 and took control of Antalya in 1207. The power and authority of the Seljuk of the Romans reached its peak during the reign of the first and the first Kikaus, he succeeded in occupying Sinop on the Black Sea in 1207 and making the Trebzund Empire a vassal, and subjugated the Kingdom of Armenia Minor, but in 1218 he was forced to hand it over to the Aywebens. Keqpad continued to control territory along the Mediterranean for four years between 1221-1225. In 1220 he also sent a campaign that crossed the Black Sea to defeat the Menkojiks and pose a threat to the Ascendants.
Prosperity and growth
The sultanate prospered greatly in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, when it took control of the main ports of the Byzantine Empire on the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Antalya’s Karwansra construction programs have boosted state trade, facilitated the flow of goods from Iran and Central Asia. The trade relationship with the Republic of Genoa was strong during this period, thus allowing the Sultanate's increased wealth to integrate the Turkish tribes east of Anatolia after the Battle of Malaz Kurd, such as the Daneshmenids, the Artikians, the Banu Seldaqah and the Menkojuks. The Roman Seljuks also successfully resisted the Crusades, but they could not withstand the Mongol advance. The Battle of Mount Kosi resulted in the Seljuks becoming subordinates to the Mughal Khanate. Despite the sultanization’s efforts to preserve the integrity of the state, the power of the sultanate disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century and disappeared completely in the first decade of the 14th century.
Relapse and fall
Kishro II began his rule by taking control of the Diyarbakir region, but in 1239 he faced the escalation of a popular revolt led by Pope Ashq. The revolution was suppressed three years later, but the power and the army were weakened as a result of these clashes, and under these circumstances it also had to confront the threats of Mongol expansion. The Mongols occupied Erzurum in 1243, and was defeated in 1243 at the Battle of Mount Kosi under the leadership of Baiju, resulting in this battle to swear by obedience to the Mongols to begin the era of submission to Mongol authority. Sultan Kizkhsrow II died in 1246, beginning with his death during the period of the Trium and then the duo until 1260.
The Seljuk kingdom was divided among the three sons of Kekhsrow II. His eldest son, Kekaus II, ruled the areas west of the Kzlılrmak River, when his two brothers, Kalej Arslan IV and Kigbad II ruled the areas east of the river under the Mongol Khanate. In 1256 Baijo defeated Kecaus II near Aq Saray, so all Anatolia came under the authority of the Mongols. Kikaus II fled from Konya to Crimea and died there in 1279. His brother Qalij Arslan was executed by Khan Ahmad in 1265, while Kiqbad II had died before him in 1256. Thus things went until Kisrow III, the nominal ruler of Anatolia, with the de facto power of the Mongols.
The Seljuk Sultanate began to split into the UAE, which began to distance itself from the rule of the Seljuks and the Mongols. In 1277 the apparent armies of Baibars raided Anatolia in response to the call of the Anatolian tribes and succeeded in defeating the Mongols, forcing them to relinquish control of the Seljuk sultanship, but due to the weakness of the Anatolian tribes and their inability to defend themselves, he withdrew due to Egypt to return the Mongol control over Anatolia.
At the end of Kekhsrow III’s reign it came to actually rule territory around Konya only. Some Turkish tribes began to emerge (including the Ottomans) and rule cities, but their nominal allegiance remained to the Seljuk Sultan as the sermon ended with a prayer for him. The Sultanate suffered internal conflicts again after the execution of Kekhsrow III in 1284, which lasted until 1303, when Ghiathuddin Masood succeeded in declaring himself Sultan over the Seljuks in the city of Kisiriyah, but was soon killed in 1307, and his son Massoud III was killed shortly after. A distant relative tried to declare himself Seljuk prince over Konya but was defeated in 1328 by the princes of Qurman. The adoption of coins minted in the name of the Seljuk Sultan continued longer than the Seljuk rule to be used during Ottoman rule in the 14th century
Culture and society
The Seljuk Roman dynasty is considered an extension of the Great Seljuk, so they had the same political, religious and cultural organization, so Seljuk art, literature and architecture were influenced by its Persian counterpart, and they used Persian as an institutional language. In addition to Persian influence, the vicinity of the Seljuk Romans with the Byzantines had a great influence. The Greek aristocracy was also part of the Seljuk aristocracy who were in large numbers within the sultanate.
The Seljuk of Rome succeeded in modifying the architectural models of the Karonsra, schools and mosques from the Persian building style that uses bricks and plaster to the use of stones. Karwansra was used as rest stations and points for trade and caravan defense, and aden of khans were built during the Seljuk period in Anatolia. It was inspired by Seljuk and Armenian architecture. Anatolia architecture was one of the most distinctive and impressive buildings in the history of Islamic architecture.
The largest Karwansra was built in 1229 in the village of Sultan Khan, located on the road between Konya and Aq Saray, with an area of about 3,900 square meters. Another Karwansra named Sultan Khan is also located on the road between Kaiseriya and Sivas.
List of referees
Name of referees and time of ruling
1 Arslan bin Selcuk ??
2 He killed Ibn Arslan 1060–1064
3 Suleiman bin Mishmash 1077–1086
4 Qalaj Arslan I 1092–1107
5 King Shah Bin Qalij Arslan 1107–1116
6 Massoud bin Qalaj Arslan 1116–1156
7 Qalaj Arslan II 1156–1192
8 Kekhsrow I 1192–1196
9 Suleiman II bin Qalaj Arslan 1196–1204
10 Qalaj Arslan bin Suleiman Shah 1204–1205
11 Kekhsrow I 1205–1211
12 Kikaus Ben Kiksrow 1211–1220
13 KQBHAD BIN KIKHSRO 1220–1237
14 Kishro Ben Kekbald 1237–1246
15 Kikaus II Ben Kishro II 1246–1260
16 Arslan IV Penn Kishroro 1248–1265
17 Kiqbad II 1249–1257
18 Kikhsrow III Ben Qalaj Arslan 1265–1284
19 Massoud II Ben Kikaus 1284–1296
20 Kiqbad III 1298–1302
21 Massoud II Ben Kikaus 1303–1308
You must be logged in to post a comment.