Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of a prosperous businessman, Jinnah Bhai Punja and his wife Mithi Bai. His family were Hindus belonging to the Khoja caste who had converted to Islam centuries ago and who were followers of the Aga Khan. There are some questions about Jinnah's date of birth: although he stated that it was December 25, 1876, school records in Karachi (Pakistan) give the date as October 20, 1875.
After teaching at home, Jinnah was sent to Sindh Madrasa-ul-Islam (now Sindh Madrasa-ul-Islam University) in Karachi in 1887. He later studied at the Christian Missionary Society High School (also in Karachi), where at the age of 16 he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (now at the University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India). On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to gain business experience. However, Jinnah did intend to become a barrister. Keeping in mind the customs of the time, her parents arranged for her early marriage before moving to England.
In London, he joined Lincoln, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was invited to the bar. In London, Jinnah suffered two major tragedies - the death of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal education and studied the British political system, often visiting the House of Commons. He was impressed by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone, who became Prime Minister for the fourth time in 1892 when Jinnah arrived in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in Indian affairs and Indian students. When Parsi leader Dada Bhai Noroji, a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the British Parliament, Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. His efforts were crowned a success: Norwich became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.
When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he realized that his father's business had suffered and that he had to rely on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), but it took him years to establish himself as a lawyer.
About 10 years later, he turned to politics. A man without a hobby, he divided his interest in law and politics. Nor was he religiously zealous: he was a Muslim in the broadest sense and had nothing to do with sects. Her interest in women was also limited to Ratan Bai (Rati), the daughter of Sir Dansha Pett, a Parsi millionaire from Bombay, whom she married in 1918, despite strong opposition from her parents and others. The couple had a daughter, but the marriage turned out to be unhappy, and Jinnah and Rati soon parted ways. It was his sister Fatima who gave him comfort and companionship.
Entering politics
Jinnah first entered politics in 1906 by attending a meeting of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) in Calcutta (now Kolkata), in which the party began to split among those seeking Dominion status. And advocated for India's independence. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council - the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay, he met the eminent Maratha leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, among other prominent figures of the Congress party. Impressed by these nationalist politicians, Jinnah expressed his desire to become a "Muslim Gokhale" early in his political life. The definition of British political institutions and the desire to elevate India's status in the international community and to create a sense of Indian nationality in the people of India were important elements of his politics. At the time, he still viewed Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism.
But, by the beginning of the 20th century, there was a growing belief among Muslims that their interests demanded the protection of their separate identity rather than integration into the Indian nation which would be Hindu for all practical purposes. The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 to protect the interests of Muslims. But Jinnah stayed away from it. Only in 1913, when it was authentically assured that the League was as dedicated to India's political independence as the Congress Party, did Jinnah join the League? When the Indian Home Roll League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.
Political alliance
Jinnah's efforts to forge a political alliance between Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of "the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity" as coined by Gokhale. It was mostly through their efforts that the Congress Party and the Muslim League began to hold their annual meetings jointly to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations met in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow, where the Lucknow Agreement was reached. Under the terms of the agreement, the two organizations sealed the scheme of constitutional reform, which became their common demand before the British government. It was a good deal to give and take, but the Muslims got a significant concession in the form of separate constituencies, which the government had already recognized in 1909 but had so far been opposed by the Congress.
Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics emerged in the person of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi. Both the Home Rule League and the Congress Party were under his influence. Opposing Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and his predominantly Hindu views in politics, Jinnah left both the League and the Congress Party in 1920. For a few years, he distanced himself from important political movements. He firmly believed in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional means to achieve political ends. After withdrawing from the Congress, he used the platform of the Muslim League to propagate his views. But during the 1920s, the Muslim League, along with Jinnah, was under the shadow of the Congress and the religiously based Muslim Khilafah movement.
When the failure of the non-cooperation movement and the emergence of Hindu revival movements led to animosity and riots between Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League began to lose its power and harmony and the provincial Muslim leaders formed their own parties to meet their needs. ۔ Thus, over the years, Jinnah's problem was to transform the Muslim League into an enlightened, united political body ready to cooperate with other organizations working for the betterment of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress party of the need to resolve the Hindu-Muslim conflict as a condition for political progress.
Jinnah's main goal was to create such an association in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked for this purpose within the Legislative Assembly, at the Round Table Conference in London (1930-32), and through his "14 Points", which included the federal form of government, more rights for minorities, one-third. Suggestions for representation were included. For Muslims in the Central Legislature, the separation of Muslim-majority Sindh from the rest of Bombay Province, and the introduction of reforms in the North West Frontier Province. His failure to make minor amendments to the Nehru Committee's recommendations (1928) on the question of reservation of seats for Muslims in separate constituencies and in the legislature disappointed him. At the time, he found himself in a special position: many Muslims felt that they were too nationalistic in their policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in their hands, while the Congress party was halfway to the demands of moderate Muslims. But will not be able to fulfill. In fact, the Muslim League was a divided house against itself. The Punjab Muslim League rejected Jinnah's leadership and organized itself separately. Outraged, Jinnah decided to settle in England. He lived in London from 1930 to 1935 and devoted himself to practice before the Privy Council. But as the constitutional changes began, he was persuaded to return home to head the reconstituted Muslim League.
Preparations for the elections soon began under the Government of India Act, 1935. Jinnah was still contemplating cooperation between the Muslim League and the Hindu-controlled Congress party and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the 1937 election marked a turning point in relations between the two organizations. The Congress won an absolute majority in six provinces, and the League did not perform particularly well. The Congress party decided not to include the League in the formation of provincial governments, and all Congress governments in particular were the result. Relations between Hindus and Muslims began to deteriorate and soon the resentment of Muslims escalated.
The creator of Pakistan
Jinnah was originally skeptical of Pakistan's implementation, an idea put forward by the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal at the 1930 Muslim League Conference, but he was convinced long ago that there would be a Muslim homeland is the only way. Protecting the interests of Muslims and the way of life of Muslims. It was not the religious persecution that he feared as much as the expulsion of Muslims from all possibilities of development within India, as soon as power entered the close structure of the Hindu social organization. To counter this threat, he launched a nationwide campaign to warn his fellow religionists of the dangers of their position.
At that moment, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a new Muslim nation. Things began to move fast. On March 22-23, 1940 in Lahore, the League passed a resolution to create a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. The ideology of Pakistan was first ridiculed and then the Congress party vehemently opposed it. But it captured the image of Muslims. There were many influential Hindus against Jinnah, including Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. And the British government intended to maintain the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and perseverance that ultimately both the Congress party and the British government had no choice but to agree to the partition of India. Thus Pakistan emerged as an independent state in 1947.
Jinnah became the first head of state. Faced with the serious problems of a young country, he solved the problems of Pakistan with authority. He was not considered merely the Governor General. He was respected as the father of the nation. He worked hard until his age and illness came under control in Karachi, where he was born in 1948
Round Table Conference, (1930-32), a series of three meetings convened by the British government to consider the future constitution of India, in Indian history. The result of this conference is a review of the Government of India Act, 1919, initiated by the Simon Commission in 1927, whose report was published in 1930. The conference was held in London.
The first session (November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931) had 73 representatives from all Indian states and all parties, except the Indian National Congress, which was waging a civil disobedience campaign against the government. His main task was to insist on parliamentarism - including the acceptance of federal principles by all princes - and domination as a goal of constitutional progress. The second meeting (September-December 1931) was attended by Mahatma Gandhi as a representative of the Congress. It failed to reach an agreement on constitutional or sectarian representation. The third meeting (November 17 to December 24, 1932) was small and insignificant, attended by neither the Congress nor the British Labor Party. The result of these deliberations was the Government of India Act, 1935, which established provincial autonomy and also a federal system which never came into force.
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