Medical microbiology
Microbes cause infection resulting in diseases among humans and animals.
They help create a" disease-free world," where people are saved from the pain of being born with physical or mental deformities. The control of our infections disease has been the greatest achievement of medical science.
What is the vaccine?
A vaccine is a preparation of one or more microbial antigens used to induce protective immunity.
What is immunization?
Immunization is the result achieved by the successful delivery of vaccines; it stimulates immunity.
Vaccination( the use of attenuated or killed microbes in vaccine preparation) reduces the incidence of several epidemic diseases, such as smallpox, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, and coronavirus. It has been essential for diseases transmitted by respiratory droplets. Still, for many organisms, vaccination is not effective.
A living cell infected with the viruses produces a viral protein (glycoprotein) with a broad-spectrum antiviral action called interferon. in addition to the antiviral action, interferon has many biological effects and causes inhibition of parasitic infection due to many viruses and bacteria.
The most powerful methodology was developed and adopted by Robert Koch during the "Golden era "of medical microbiology, which helps isolate tuberculin bacillus, cholera vibrio, typhoid diphtheria bacillus.
Mechanism of pathogenicity of these organisms, the host responses, and the method of prevention and treatment have already been involved.
Types of vaccine
1)Whole-cell vaccines
many of the current vaccine used for a human effective against viral and bacterial diseases consists of whole microorganisms, termed whole-cell vaccines. These are either inactivated (killed )or attenuated(life but avirulent). Inactivated vaccines are effective, but they are less immunogenic, so they often require several boosters and normally do not adequately stimulate cell-mediated immunity or secretory IgA production.
In contrast, attenuated vaccines usually are given in a single dose and stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Acellular or subunit vaccine
a few of the common risks associated with the whole-cell vaccine can be avoided by using only specific, purified macromolecules derived from pathogenic microorganisms. There are three general forms of subunit vaccines:
a) capsular polysaccharide
b) recombinant surface antigens
c) inactivated exotoxin.
The purified microbial subunit or there secreted products that can be prepared as nontoxic antigen to be used to formulate the vaccine.
3)Recombinant vector and DNA vaccine
Several microorganisms, such as adenovirus and attenuated salmonella, have been used to produce recombinant vector vaccines.
On the other hand, the DNA vaccine introduced DNA directly into the host cell. When injective into muscle cells, the DNA is taken into the nucleus, and the pathogen's DNA fragment is transiently expressed, generating foreign protein to which the host's immune response. The example of DNA vaccines is hepatitis b, influenza, malaria, etc.
Kinds of precaution can be taken by individuals to prevent infection.
*Wash hand with soap and water frequently esspei before each meal.
*Gate aur update vaccination appropriate for a specific destination. Check the CDC travel advisory website ( www.cdc.gov government /travel) for precautions regarding specific location
*avoid uncooked food and unbottle water and beverage and unpasteurized dairy products. Use bottled water for drinking and making ice cubes, and brushing teeth.
Basic hand hygiene and vaccination are very effective in preventing infectious diseases while traveling.
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