The history of computers is very ancient. The history of computers is considered to be from the very beginning. Computers started when humans used fingers to count. Calculations can be done on the fingers in tiny amounts. After this, the hunters wanted to know how many animals, birds, etc., they hunted. For this, the man started taking pictures of animals and birds on clay walls. After this, in 650 BC, the Egyptians made the figures of animals and birds in the caves with special markings. These people used to count these symbols by a special method. After this, man discovered many ways to count. But none of the methods proved effective for man.
In the sixteenth century, the abacus, the most modern computational device, was invented in China. It is a rectangular wooden frame. This frame was divided into two parts. The first part of the abacus was kept small, and the second part was large. The larger part of the abacus is called Earth, and the smaller part is called Heaven. In this frame, wires were attached to the middle rod from the left end to the right end. Pearls were threaded in these strings. This abacus gave a new direction to mathematics experts, and it started being used in countries like China and Japan, Russia, etc. These countries made some changes in the structure of the abacus according to their convenience.
The abacus counting machines of different countries are shown in the above picture. Abacus is most commonly used in China. The small part of the wooden frame of this abacus had two pearls in each row, and each pearl in this part had a value of five. There were five pearls in a large part of each row, and the value of each pearl in this part was one. Now the number we have to write, we used to move the pearl of that sequence and bring it to the middle rod. Each row from top to bottom represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten lakhs sequentially.
The abacus is still used today. Students consider it easier to calculate by abacus than a calculator, and in competitions, results have been obtained quickly by doing calculations by abacus at a faster rate. The abacus made in Japan is a different form from the Chinese abacus. in this abacus, the one on the left of the middle
There was a pearl, and all the remaining five pearls were on the right side of the middle rod. In this abacus, the value of the pearl on the side is five, and The remaining five beads on the right had one value each. The calculation method of this abacus is the same as that of the Chinese abacus.
After some time, the Russian abacus was created. This abacus differed from the Chinese and Japanese abacus. Its rectangular frame did not have a middle rod, and each row contained ten beads. Each pearl had one value. It could be used by displacing either side of the frame.
Three types of counting machines were discovered in the sixteenth century. These devices made the calculations very easy. With the help of these machines, addition and subtraction of numbers and multiplication could be done.
In 1617, Scott's mathematician Sir John Napier invented a device known as the pair bone. These rods were connected; subtraction, multiplication, and division could be done easily by this device. This device helped in preparing the analog computer. Sometime after this device, the odometer was discovered, which is now known as the speedometer. This yantra is used even today for various places and works.
In the year 1620, William Auterde of Germany invented a device known as This device works on the principle of the logarithm. Therefore, it was necessary to know the logarithm to operate this device. In 1645, the first mechanical calculation device was invented by the French mathematician and psychologist Blaise Pascal.
Blaise Pascal's father worked as a tax superintendent and had to work hard. He used to work till late in the night due to low calculation speed. When Blaise Pascal was 18 years old, he decided to help his father with his work, and he began his search for a mechanical calculation device. After two years of tireless efforts, a mechanical calculation device was invented. This mechanical calculation device was named Pascaline. This mechanical device consisted of gears, wheels, and discs. Numbers from zero to nine were written on each wheel. When one wheel went one full turn when the other wheel moved one place, that is, when the unit's wheel is rotated ten times, the 'tens wheel' rotates once, and when the tens wheel is rotated ten times, the hundredth wheel rotates once. The same relation was with the wheels of hundred and thousand, with the wheels of thousand and ten thousand, in the wheels of ten thousand and one lakh and the wheels after that.
Later, the German scientist Gott Fried Wilhelms Leibniz modified the Pascaline calculator in 1971. They used serrated terriers in place of wheels. Along with this, such modifications were also made in it, resulting in which multiplication and division operations can be done more easily. Leibniz was also somewhat interested in the binary number system. Experts believed that if they had taken a proper interest in the binary number system, the computer might have been invented much earlier.
In 1847, the German mathematician Kumper developed a machine that could add or subtract any number of numbers in any sequence. These machines were made and sold on a huge scale which became very popular.
The first complete computer was conceived by the British mathematician and inventor Charles Bowes. Charles Baez was born in an affluent family. The purpose of his life was to be an ideal calculating device. Had to invent. He dedicated his whole life and wealth to this purpose.
Finally, in 1821, he succeeded in creating a working model of a machine that could calculate algebraic equations and math tables right up to the third place of the decimal. She can also solve equations like 12k 2 + 8k + 16 = 0. This machine was named 'Defense Machine' by mathematician Charles Bowes. In return for this invention, the 'Royal Scientific Society' presented him with a medal. Baez later planned to create a model of his difference machine that was very large and powerful and capable of producing accurate results up to the twentieth place of a decimal. Soon he made a blueprint of an 'Analytical Engine.' All the qualities of a modern computer were present in that blueprint. There was a system of 'Input,' 'Process Unit' (where all mathematical operations can be performed), 'Control Unit,' 'Memory,' and 'Output.' His idea was to create a computer that could work according to a predetermined program. But by that time, Bawez was bankrupt. He had spent everything in making the difference machine itself. But when he finally died in 1871, all around him were sketches, designs, and unfulfilled dreams. For this unique contribution, scientists awarded the title of God Father of Computer to Charles Bowes.
Joseph Jacquard (1752–1834) was a French weaving specialist. He invented punched cards. A variety of patterns could be inserted into these cards. Later, American resident Hermann Hallrith (1860–1929) used these punched cards to solve census questionnaires. After the 1880 Census in the United States, he developed a machine that could store and classify census data on punched cards. Previously, each important piece of information was punched onto a card, which was the size of a US dollar note, with the help of a simple code. The punched cards were then sorted according to a predetermined method to obtain the desired information with the help of mechanical and electrical devices. After the 1890 census, with the help of Hollerith's machine and punched cards, the analysis was completed in just six weeks.
While Charles Babbage was developing his different machine, another British scientist, Lord Calvin, developed the 'analog computer.' Although the first analog computer was made in 1876, its commercial production began in 1936. By the twentieth century, electron tubes had been invented—and in 1980, British professor Alt Turing first designed an electronic calculator because all were mechanical devices that were just a singular combination of cycles, girdles. In the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century, different countries - Germany, Britain, USA, Russia, etc., started competing to make different computers. These decades saw unusual advances in computer technology.
German engineer Konrad Zeuss started efforts to make automatic computers in 1934. Soon he made a mechanical computer called the 'Zand-First,' which had a system of keyboards that used the binary number system.
In the Second World War, Konrad-Zeus had also advised Hitler to use computers in war work, but Hitler did not pay heed to it and did not provide financial assistance to Zeuss. It is estimated that if Hitler had considered this, perhaps the result of this world war would have been different because such computers were made in England, which could read the commands given in the code language of the German armies.
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