Science (from the Latin word Scientia, meaning "knowledge")[1] is a systematic enterprise.
• [2][3][4]The Universe is represented as multiple disk-shaped slices across time, which passes from left to right
• The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE.[5][6] Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity. Formal attempts were made to explain events in the physical world based on natural causes.
• [5][6] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages,[7] but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age.
• [8] The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy," [7][9] which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century[10] as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.
• [11][12][13][14] The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation, and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape;[15][16][17] along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science."[18]
• Modern science is typically divided into three major branches[19] that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies;[20][21] and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which deal with symbols governed by rules.
• [22][23] There is disagreement,[24][25][26], however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence.
• [27][25] Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.[28][29][30][31][32]
• New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.
• [33][34] Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in academic and research institutions,[35] government agencies, and companies.
• [36][37] The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and environmental protection.
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:
• Modern science is commonly divided into three major branches: natural science, social science, and formal science.[19] Each of these branches comprises various specialized yet overlapping scientific disciplines that often possess their own nomenclature and expertise.[109] Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences,[110] as their knowledge is based on empirical observations and can be tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.[111]
• There are also closely related disciplines that use science, such as engineering and medicine, which are sometimes described as applied sciences. The relationships between the branches of science are summarized.
NATURAL SCIENCE:
• Natural science is the study of the physical world. It can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical science. These two branches may be further divided into more specialized disciplines.
• For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth science. Modern natural science is the successor to the natural philosophy that began in Ancient Greece.
• Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches that were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science.
• [112] Systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeeded natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on.
• [113] Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences.[114]
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