When we think about teleportation, we remember science fiction movies where a person is instantaneously transferred from one point to another. When we see such acts, a question arises: Can teleportation be possible in real life? How true is teleportation?
In today's world, teleportation is something that is only seen in science fiction. Even though it seems to be out of the world, teleportation is possible, but it's not what we expected.
While human teleportation currently exists only in science fiction, teleportation is possible now in the subatomic world of quantum scale in quantum mechanics but not in the way typically depicted in movies. In the quantum world, teleportation involves the transportation of information rather than the transportation of a matter, and this teleportation at the quantum level is called Quantum teleportation.
Quantum teleportation involves two entangled particles. When two entangled particles are separated by great distances. When there is a change in the state of one of these particles, it simultaneously changes the state of the other even when there is no physical connection. Quantum entanglement helps in sending qubits of information. A Qubit is the quantum version of a binary bit.
With the help of entanglement, individual atoms or particles could replace transistors, vastly expanding our computing powers and capabilities. As opposed to binary computers, which operate in basic units of information represented by 1s or 0s, qubits can exist as a 1 or 0 simultaneously through the principle of superposition, which states that "the system exists in all the possible states at the same time." This attribute allows a quantum computer to store greater amounts of data and quickly reason through complex problems or computing tasks by simultaneously exploring multiple pathways and choosing the most efficient one.
How is Quantum Teleportation done?
In the Teleportation process, a pair of entangled particles are involved. Entangled particle is measured to know the spin of the particle. If the spin of one particle is clockwise, the spin of the other will be anticlockwise. And two entangled particles are placed at 2 different places where one is at the source side and another at the destination. A bit to be teleported is entangled particles are combinedly measured, and that is called bell measurement. When bell measurement is performed, the bit is replaced with the entangled particle at the destination.
Let us take an example.
Consider two persons Alice and Bob, where a photon to be teleported from Alice to Bob. To perform the teleportation, both Alice and Bob will have an entangled particle with them.
The particle with Alice is A, and Bob is B, and the photon to be teleported is C.
A and C are combinedly measured for Bell measurement.
Particle B becomes exactly the replica of C.
C has been disrupted and is no longer in its original state.
Experiments were done on Quantum teleportation
> In 2002, some researchers at the Australian National University successfully teleported a laser beam.
> In 2010, 15 Chinese researchers from Tsinghua University in Beijing and the Hefei national laboratory achieved secure quantum key distribution over 16 kilometers of free space.
> In 2011 physicist at the University of Tokyo teleported a complex set of quantum information from one point to another.
> In 2017, Chinese researchers teleported a single photon from a ground observatory to an earth orbit satellite Micuis satellite with a distance of up to 1400km.
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