The pancreas is an essential organ of the digestive system. It is a dual functioning gland that's secretions help in the digestion of food and other processes.
Structure of pancreas
The pancreas is a pink-colored organ that is present behind the stomach, at the lift side of the abdomen. The pancreas performs two types of function and secret two secretions: Exocrine secretions and endocrine secretions.
Exocrine secretions are produced in ducts, for example, digestive enzymes, and endocrine secretions are those which are secreted directly into the bloodstream, for example, hormones.
The exocrine pancreas secretions help in the digestion process of food. 95% portion of the pancreas is exocrine in function. The exocrine portion is consists of acinar cells, which are connected with ducts. Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes; the chimneys of acinar cells open in the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. The digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas are trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipases, and amylase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin help digest proteins, amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates, and lipases in the digestion of lipids.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces three hormones which are directly poured into the bloodstream. The endocrine part of the pancreas is consists of specific types of cells called islets of Langerhans.
Islets of Langerhans are divided into four types of cells: alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and C cells.
Alpha cells secrete glucagon hormone, beta cells produce insulin, Delta cells secrete a hormone called somatostatin, and C cells are not adequately functional.
Glucagon is a hormone that converts glycogen (the stored form of carbohydrates in cells)into glucose in low blood glucose levels. Beta cells secrete insulin which maintains blood glucose levels; it acts on cells to absorb glucose.Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of other hormones
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mullietas is a severe pancreatic disease which is severely affected millions of people worldwide. In this condition, blood glucose or Suger level becomes high.
Whatever we eat, the food is converted into glucose that travels in our bloodstream. Usually, when the blood glucose level becomes high, the pancreas' beta cells produce insulin that takes glucose from the blood to cells. But in the case of diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels, become unable to secret the proper amount of insulins.
When glucose becomes high in the blood, it hardens the blood vessels, resulting in a stroke, high blood pressure, heart attack, and kidney failure.
Types of diabetes
There are three types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. In this type, pancreatic cells are destroyed and can secret the hormones.
Type 2 diabetes is also called insulin-independent diabetes. In this case, insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells but in less amount; that's why they can't regulate blood glucose levels.
Most people age 60 to 65 have Type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is mostly seen in pregnant women.
Symptoms
The symptoms of diabetes include extreme hunger, thrust, continuously going to pee, etc.
Treatment
In the case of Type 1 diabetes, patients are given artificial insulin through injections, and in type 2 diabetes, drugs are used.
According to a report of the world health organization, 422 billion people worldwide have diabetes.
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