Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. Carbon has a tendency to form more compounds with itself and other atoms(H, O, N, S and hologens) than any other elements. The tendency of an atom to form a chain of bonds with the atoms of the same element is called carnation .the high strength of C_C bond is responsible for its carnation property.The word organic means derived from living organisms.Organic compounds were thought to be found only in living things.Cell the basic unit of living things, consumes, creates and consists of mainly organic compounds. The genetic material, the lipids, that forms our cell membrane and the glycogen the energy reserve stored in our liver are all organic compounds.Except few inorganic compounds like salt, water etc...all others such as food, medicine, clothing, cosmetics, fuel etc... are compounds of carbon .All the essential biochemical reactions are also organic in nature leading to the formation of various essential bioorganic molecules such as lipoproteins, phospholipids, glycolipids etc... synthesis of acetic acid by kobe and methane by berthlot, confirmed that organic compounds can be synthesized in laboratory.Since then, Million of organic compounds were synthesized and characterised. The filed of organic chemistry is very vast and it's principles find applications in many industries including food, textile, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, dye, polymers, fertilizer, cosmetics etc...
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements,[1][2][3] especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens. Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon–metal bonds.
In addition, contemporary research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallicsincluding the lanthanides, but especially the transition metals zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium.Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding.[1] Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactionsincludes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.Organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute the majority of known chemicals. The bonding patterns of carbon, with its valence of four—formal single, double, and triple bonds, plus structures with delocalized electrons—make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. They form the basis of, or are constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicals and agrichemicals, and products made from them including lubricants, solvents; plastics; fuels and explosives. The study of organic chemistry overlaps organometallic chemistry andbiochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science.[1]In pharmacology, an important group of organic compounds is small molecules, also referred to as 'small organic compounds'. In this context, a small molecule is a small organic compound that is biologically active but is not a polymer. In practice, small molecules have a molar mass less than approximately 1000 g/MOL.Using a laser to vaporize graphite rods in an atmosphere of helium gas, these chemists and their assistants obtained cagelike molecules composed of 60 carbon atoms (C60) joined together by single and double bonds to form a hollow sphere with 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces—a design that resembles a football, or soccer ball. In 1996 the trio was awarded the Nobel Prize for their pioneering efforts. The C60 molecule was named buckminsterfullerene (or, more simply, the buckyball) after the American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic dome is constructed on the same structural principles.
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