J.J. Thomson, fully Sir Joseph John Thomson, (born December 18, 1856, Cheetham Hill, near Manchester, England — died August 30, 1940, in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), an English physicist who was instrumental in transforming the structure of an atomic structure by his discovery electron (1897). He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906 and was honored in 1908.
J.J. Thomson
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Born: Died: Awards and Awards: Notable Family Members: Research Topics: Electrical conductivity electromagnetism gas subatomic particle
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Education and primary work
Thomson was the son of a bookseller in the Manchester district. At the age of 14, he entered Owens College, now the University of Manchester. He was lucky that, unlike most colleges at the time, Owens was offering some experimental physics courses. In 1876 he received a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he lived for the rest of his life. After taking the B.A. mathematics degree in 1880, the opportunity to do experimental research led him to the Cavendish Laboratory. He also began to develop the theory of electromagnetism. As stated by James Clerk Maxwell, electricity and magnetism were related; value changes in one produce corresponding changes in the other.
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The immediate recognition of Thomson's success by the scientific community came in 1884 with his election as a colleague of the Royal Society of London and the appointment of chairman of the physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. Thomson entered physics at a crucial time in its history. After the 19th century of the great discovery of electricity, magnetism, and thermodynamics, many physicists in the 1880's said that their science was doomed to failure. By 1900, however, only the elderly members had this idea, and by 1914 there was a new physics, which raised, indeed, more questions than it could answer. The new physics was very exciting for those who, having had the good fortune to get involved in it, saw its endless possibilities. There were fewer than half the major physicists associated with this change. Although not everyone could write the same words, most of those eligible for the judgment would include Thomasson.
Electron detection
Thomson's most important work, interrupted only by studies at Princeton University in 1896, was the one that led him in 1897 to the conclusion that everything is important, regardless of its origin, containing particles of the same type much smaller than atomic atoms. who make up a part. They are now called electrons, although they originally called corpuscles. His discovery was the result of a long-running dispute over the nature of the cathode radiation, which occurred when an electric current was driven by a vessel in which most of the air or other gas was released. Almost all German physicists of the day believed that these visible rays were produced from ether — a weightless substance thought to be ubiquitous — but not ordinary light or X-rays. British and French physicists, on the other hand, believed that radiation was an electric current. Through an advanced purification process, Thomson was able to advance the convincing argument that these rays are composed of particles. In addition, the radiation appeared to be composed of identical particles, or corpuscles, regardless of the type of gas carrying the discharge or the types of metal used as conductors. Thomson's conclusion that corpuscles exist in all types of material was strengthened over the next three years when he discovered that corpuscles with similar properties could be produced in other ways — e.g., from hot metals. Thomson may be described as “the person who separates an atom” for the first time, although the word “chopped” may be a better word, given the size and number of electrons. Although some atoms contain many electrons, the total number of electrons is never more than 1 / 1,000 atoms.
J.J. Thomson: cathode-ray tube
The Cathode-ray tube used by J.J. Thomson to receive an electron.
Science Museum in London
By the turn of the century, most of the scientific world had fully embraced Thomasson's long discovery. In 1903 he had the opportunity to develop his views on the behavior of subatomic particles in natural phenomena where, at Silliman Lectures at Yale University, he promoted the eternal theory of light; his hypothesis illustrated Albert Einstein's latest theory of photons. In 1906 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in the field of electric field; in 1908 he became a knight; in 1909 he was made president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and in 1912 he received the Order of Merit.
Thomson, however, was by no means a scientist. During his most productive years as a scientist, he was the head of the highly successful Cavendish Laboratory. (It was there that he met Rose Elizabeth Paget, whom he married in 1890.) Not only did he manage research projects but also funded two additions to laboratory facilities primarily from student fees, with little support from universities and colleges. With the exception of its small grant grant to the Royal Society to assist all British universities and all branches of science, the Cavendish Laboratory has not received any further government funding, and there have been no donations from charities or industry. A gift from a volunteer worker made it possible for the purchase of a small fluid-filled air-conditioning machine in Thomson's research into constructive radiation, which greatly enhances knowledge.
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