INDIAN DEFENCE TECNOLOGY
The responsibility of developing India's defense technology is assigned to the DRDO, i.e., the Defence Research and Development Organization.
★ The Defence Research and Development Organization, or DRDO, was set up in 1958. Hence, it is the supreme body of researching, monitoring, regulating, and administering the India Defence Research and Development Program.
DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories located in different cities of the country.
Missile Technology
* The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. Consider the following point relating to Missile Technology
*The first successful testing of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967.
*The research and development program for developing indigenous missiles was called the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program'.
Types of Military Missiles
Based on target and launching position, the military missiles are classified as
* Air-to-Air Missile - This missile is carried by aircraft and targets the enemy's aircraft. * Surface-to-Air-Such missiles are fired at enemy aircraft from the ground.
* Air-to-Surface - These missiles are fired at the enemy country's ships, tankers, vehicles, bunkers, or military men from the aircraft.
*Surface-to-Surface Such missiles are fired at enemy grounds from our grounds.
* Underwater - Such missiles target enemy locations in the water.
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
* The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) idea was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology.
* The missiles proposed under this program are -
Prithvi - is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile.
Trishul - It is a short-range surface-to-air missile.
Akash - It is a medium-range surface-to-air missile.
Nag - It is a third-generation anti-tank missile.
Agni Series
Agni is a series of medium to intercontinental-range ballistic missiles. Agni missiles are medium-to-long-range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missiles.
AGNI 1 - The two-stage Agni technology demonstrator, with a solid-fuel first stage, was first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989. It could carry a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or a nuclear warhead. This original technology demonstrator evolved into the solid-fuel Agni-1 and Agni-2 missiles. India first developed the two-stage 2000 km range Agni-2, testing it in 1999. It then used the first stage to develop the 700 km range single-stage Agni-1, which was first tested in January 2002.
Agni 2 - Agni-II with a range of 2,000–2,500 km is 20 meters long, has a diameter of one meter, and weighs around 18 tonnes. Agni – II uses solid propellant in both of its two stages. They are claimed to be a part of the "credible deterrence" against China and Pakistan. India stated that its nuclear and missile development programs are not Pakistan-centric, that the Pakistani threat is only a marginal factor in New Delhi's security calculus, and that Agni is at the heart of deterrence in the larger context Sino-Indian equation.
Agni 3 - Agni-III is the third in the Agni series of missiles. Agni III uses solid propellant in both stages. Agni-III was first tested on 9 July 2006 from Wheeler Island off the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. After the launch, it was reported that the rocket's second stage did not separate, and the missile had fallen well short of its target. Agni-III was again tested on 12 April 2007, this time successfully, again from Wheeler Island. On 7 May 2008, India again successfully test-fired this missile. This was the third consecutive test; it validated the missile's operational readiness while extending the reach of India's nuclear deterrent to the most high-value targets of the nation's most likely adversaries. Agni-III has a range of 3,500 km and can take a warhead of 1.5 tonnes.
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