In pragmatism, epistemology has been given priority over metaphysics. Pragmatic logic is not rational. Nevertheless, pragmatist reasoning uses the principle of intelligence in the explanation of knowledge. We explain it in the same way as we see it, but facts in themselves are not mere sources of knowledge for pragmatists. Pragmatists ask the question of analytically explaining how we experience qualities and values. It is fair to say here that the pragmatist in his epistemology is closer to idealism than to naturalism. The pragmatists do not recognize any difference between the knower and the known.
Direct knowledge is obtained from the knower and the known relation, but they must be engaged in the active experience. When something happens, we experience it ourselves, and things are also experienced. We get knowledge because of experience and through experience. From this point of view, experience is a kind of ocean in which things, actions, and souls float. The medium of meeting things and souls is said to be the source of knowledge. the experience he And do it objectively. According to pragmatists, the actions of doing and to act are the means of survival. The knowledge we get in this way is immutable and always true. The pragmatists give special importance to that knowledge, which is more useful for human life.
William James has emphasized the practical results to be obtained from them for the veracity of knowledge that sometimes he considers the successful or useful results obtained from them as the criterion of knowledge. He says that only that knowledge is true, which gives useful results, that is, which leads to success in life. Those ideas which do not yield useful results do not consider them as knowledge. Its usefulness is the main criterion for the truthfulness of knowledge. According to him, the concepts of truth and utility are not separate from each other. According to him, to call knowledge true means that it is also useful or useful; therefore, it is true. William James considers truth and utility to be the same. But he did not explain the relationship between utility and truth but defined the criterion of knowledge as essential. If it is not useful, then it cannot be called knowledge. John Dewey also agrees with the views of William James and believes that knowledge which has practical utility and is true. Knowledge does not exist without utility or practicality.
The epistemological review of pragmatism has been clarified from the following points:
1. Pragmatism is the philosophy of epistemology.
2. Pragmatism is more a method of acquiring knowledge.
3. They consider the editing of experiences and actions as the source of knowledge.
4. There is no theory for knowledge in pragmatism. Knowledge is gained through practice and experience.
5. The pragmatists consider the preparation for future life to be real knowledge.
6. In pragmatism, empirical knowledge is given special importance.
7. The main function of pragmatism is humanity.
8. In pragmatism, 'learning by doing and 'acquiring knowledge by doing' is considered the main feature.
9. The pragmatists do not consider knowledge as a collection of facts.
From this discussion it is clear that pragmatism is an epistemological philosophy, because it gives special importance to the method of knowledge in its original form. It seems fair to say that pragmatism is the theory of knowledge. The study of practicalism is first done by looking at its epistemology. Logic rationalism is rooted in epistemology. According to which reasoning is the main tool of knowledge. It gives primacy to sense experiences. The perception of the senses is the main medium of knowledge. In the process of knowledge, the senses of knowledge and the senses of action are given importance. Pragmatism is not a philosophy of reason, but it is a philosophy of empiricism. It is also called sense empiricism. It is also a humanistic philosophy from the point of view of epistemology.
Epistemology of Existentialism
It is difficult to determine the metaphysics of existentialism, so what is the rationale for its epistemology? In this regard, it can be said that the type of truth that a person accepts will have the same kind of sources of knowledge because existentialism gives importance to individualism, in which the nature of knowledge is also subjective. Subjective knowledge means that what a person experiences during his lifetime is personal knowledge of that person. Still, the knowledge that has come to that person doesn't have to be useful and meaningful to other people. Being without a solid foundation of knowledge, existentialism, however, gives importance to empirical knowledge that has been put to the test of logic.
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