what is DIARRHEA its types causes symptoms complications

DIARRHEA

DEFINITION:

Increase in stool BULK, FREQUENCY, or FLUIDITY, typically to volumes greater than 200 grams per day.

OR Loose, watery stools three or more times a day. Worldwide, diarrheal diseases account for greater than 700,000deaths of children under 5 years of age making them 2nd leading cause of death in this age group.

Diarrhea is not a disease but a symptom of other ailments.  TYPES OF DIARRHEA Clinical types of diarrhea are:  Acute watery diarrhea: o Lasts several hours or days.  Acute bloody diarrhea o Also called dysentery.  Chronic diarrhea o Persistent diarrhea lasts 14 days or extended  Secretory diarrhea o STOOL consistency is isotonic (same) to blood.

It results from increased secretion from the gut (stomach small and large intestine), IT PERSISTS during fasting and after meals(IT MEAN NO FOOD ASSOCIATION)  Malabsorption diarrhea-

It is caused by inadequate absorption of the nutrient. Associated with steatorrhea fatty stool, difficulty to flush. RELIVED by fasting.  Exudate diarrhea-

It occurs due to inflammatory diseases

Characterized by purulent, bloody stool that continues during fasting.  Osmotic diarrhea- It occurs due to LACTASE deficiency an enzyme. It breaks down lactose, a sugar in milk and milk products. Diarrheal fluid is 50mosmole more concentrated than plasma. Condition abates with fasting. GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIARRHEA Signs and symptoms associated with diarrhea (loose, watery stools) may include  Abdominal cramps or pain.  Bloating.  Seasickness.

 Vomiting.  High Temperature.  Blood in the stool.  Mucus in the stool.  Urgent need to have a bowel movement.  Painful spasm of the anal sphincter  Epigastric pain  Faintness

CAUSES:

there are so many causes of diarrhea but here important ones are enlisted below

1. Infections

Infections included

I. Bacterial infections

Some of them are enlisted as following  Shigella –shigellosis  Salmonella typhi-typhoid fever  Campylobacter -campylobacter enterocolitis  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Mycobacterium Bovis  Mycobacterium avium

 Vibrio cholera  Escherichia coli  Clostridium difficile ll. Viral infections  Rotavirus  Norovirus etc.

3. Parasitic infestation-  Enterobius vermicularis  Giardia lamblia  Ancylostoma duodenale  Necator americans  Entamoeba histolytica etc.

2. Malabsorption of food

Poor absorption can occur in conditions like

 Cystic fibrosis (the number one cause in the United States)

 Chronic pancreatitis

 Lactose intolerance

 Celiac disease

 Whipple disease

 Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (a genetic disease affecting the pancreas and bone marrow)

 Cow's milk protein intolerance

 Soy milk protein intolerance

3. Intolerances to certain foods  Celiac disease –wheat  Lactose intolerance-milk, etc. 4. Medicines Sometimes medicine can cause diarrhea as their adverse effects. Some are registered below Antibiotics- Cephalosporins  levofloxacin.  ampicillin ETC. Antidepressants.- Some of them cause diarrhea They include:  Citalopram  Escitalopram  Fluoxetine  Paroxetine

 Sertraline  Antacids.  Alka-Seltzer,  Maalox  Rolaids  Rio pan, Proton pump inhibitors  Omeprazole (Prilosec)  Lansoprazole . 5. Chemotherapeutic agents 6. Radiation exposure

COMPLICATION OF DIARRHEA  Dehydration-most fatal complication  electrolyte imbalance micronutrients like vitamin and mineral deficiency  failure to thrive  acidosis Spared of infection ;

it includes  UTI  endocarditis  osteomyelitis  pneumonia  meningitis  septicemia  peritonitis  Hepatitis etc.

Reactive arthritis;

 salmonella

 Chlamydia  Yersinia

Guillain Barre Syndrome;  Campylobacter.

IGA nephropathy;

 Campylobacter

Erythema nodosum;  Campylobacter  Yersinia

 salmonella

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

 E. coli

 dysentery

Hemolytic anemia;  Campylobacter  Yersinia Kidney failure Organ damage etc. TAKE HOME MESSAGE  Rehydration is vital  Drink plenty of liquids, including water, broth, and juices.  Avoid caffeine and alcohol during diarrhea  Add semisolid and low-fiber foods gradually as your bowel movements return to normal.

 ORS

 Seek medical care