This practice, which began in prehistoric times, has been used by civilizations on all seven continents as a means of expressing culture.For this reason, architecture is considered an art form. Architecture has been written since ancient times. The oldest surviving text on architectural theory is the 1st-century Roman architect Vitruvius' treatise On Architecture, which states that a good building is solid, useful, and venustas (durable, useful, and beauty). Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality found in building proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote the lives of the greatest painters, sculptors, and architects and introduced stylistic ideas to 16th-century Western art. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function." “Function” began to replace the classical “utility” and was understood to include not only practical aspects, but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural aspects. The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced at the end of the 20th century.
Architecture began as verbal indigenous architecture in the countryside that evolved from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was concerned with the construction of religious monuments and buildings that symbolized the political power of a ruler until Greek and Roman architecture shifted the focus to civic virtue. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms throughout Asia, and Buddhist architecture in particular took on a unique local flavor. In fact, while pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and monasteries emerged in the Middle Ages in Europe, the Renaissance preferred classical forms implemented by famous architects. Engineer roles have been separated. After World War I, modern architecture was an avant-garde that sought to develop an entirely new style suited to the new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. It started as a movement. The emphasis on modern technology, materials and simplified geometry paved the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism, which they found to be historical and anti-aesthetic, leading to the emergence of postmodern and contemporary architecture.
Over the years, the field of architecture has expanded to include everything from ship design to interior design.
Architecture means:
A general term used to describe buildings and other physical structures.
The art and science of designing buildings and (some) non-building structures.
The design style and construction of buildings and other physical structures.
A uniform or coherent shape or structure.
Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity. The design activities of the architect [8] from the macro level (urban planning, landscape architecture) to the micro level (structural details and furnishings). Architect activity. Architecture means providing or performing professional services related to the design and construction of buildings or built environments.
architectural theory
Architectural philosophy is a branch of art philosophy concerned with the aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics, and its relationship to cultural development. Many philosophers and theorists, from Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Robert Venturi to Ludwig Wittgenstein, have dealt with the nature of architecture and whether architecture should be distinguished from building.
historical papers
The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De Architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius, dating from the early 1st century AD. Translation - strength, usefulness and joy. The modern English equivalents are:
Durability - Buildings must be robust and maintained in good condition
Utility - should be suitable for intended use
Beauty – it must be aesthetically pleasing
According to Vitruvius, an architect should strive to satisfy each of these three attributes as much as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborated on Vitruvian thought in his book De re aedificatoria, believed that decoration played a role, but that beauty was primarily a matter of balance. For Alberti, the rule of proportion was the rule governing the idealized human figure, the golden ratio. The most important aspect of beauty, therefore, was the intrinsic part of the object, not that which was superficially applied and grounded in universal and recognizable truths. It was first developed by the work of Giorgio Vasari. By the 18th century, the lives of the greatest painters, sculptors and architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist Sebastiano Serlio wrote Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva (Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective). This treatise exerted immense influence throughout Europe, being the first handbook that emphasized the practical rather than the theoretical aspects of architecture, and it was the first to catalog the five orders.
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