Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
I’d like you to take a second and look at yourself. I don’t mean take stock of your life, which isn't any of my business, but I mean just look at your body. These things are so simple for most of us that we don’t give them a moment’s thought.
Every move you make, every new day you live to see yourself, is the result of
a collection of systems that work together to make it work.
You are more convoluted and prolific and polymorphous Ly awesome than you probably even dare to think. For example, did you know that, if all were expanded, your gut would be as tall as a three-story building? Or that by the time you are older, you will have produced enough saliva to fill more than one swimming pool? Or that you lose about two-thirds of a kilogram every year in dead skin cells? And you will lose more than 50 kilograms of them in your lifetime? Just your little, dry pieces, crawling around your house, and sitting on your bookshelves, feeding all the colonies of dusty insects. He is your little world. And I’m here to help you get to know the body that you call home, through the twin disciplines of anatomy - the study of the structure and relationships between body parts, and
Physiology - the science of how those parts fit together to function and keep that body alive.
Anatomy is about what your body is, physiology is about what you do. And together, they integrate our science.
Complex science - I will not lie to you - and draws on many other disciplines, such as chemistry and physics. And you will need a lot of new words - lots of Latin, Greek gobs.
But this tutorial will not just be a list of your parts or a drawing of how a slice of pizza gives you strength. Because these guidelines are really about why you live right now, how you live, how the disease affects you, and how your body recovers from illness and injury. It is about things with a big picture that we spend a lot of time thinking about, or trying to avoid thinking about: death, food, sleep, and even the act of thinking itself.
They are all processes that we can understand about anatomy and physiology.
If you pay attention, and if I do my job well enough, you will come out of this study with a rich, complete understanding, not only of how your body works, producing everything from shaking hands to heart attack, but I think. you will also begin to see that you are more than just the sum of your parts. We have come to understand the living body by studying many dead bodies. For centuries, the division of human bodies was unacceptable in many societies. And as a result, anatomy studies have followed a long, slow, and often traumatic path.
The second-century Greek physician Galen mentioned what he could do about human nature by performing tests on pigs.
Da Vinci collected corpses while drawing his detailed anatomical drawings until the pope stopped him.
It was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that certified anatomists were allowed to perform strictly controlled human surgery - and it was so popular that it was often a public event, with an entry fee, attended by people like Michelangelo and Rembrandt. The study of human architecture became so widespread in Europe that burglary became a lucrative, if not legal, occupation ... until 1832 when Britain passed the Anatomy Act, which provided students with countless corpses, which were murderers.
Today, students of anatomy and physiology still use academic cadavers to learn, personally and hands, what is inside the human body through surgery.
Cadavers are volunteers - which is what people say when they "donate their bodies to science."
The blood flows to one side of your heart simply because its valves prevent it from flowing back. In the same way, your bones are strong and durable and this allows them to protect and support all your soft parts. The basic premise - that what a building can do depends on its particular condition - is called completeness of structure and function.
It also acts on every level of your body's organization, from cell to muscle. And it starts with the smallest: the atoms. As the chair you're sitting in, you're a mixture of atoms - about 7 octillions, to be precise.
Luckily for both of us here, we have put together the basics of chemistry that every student should know about physiology, at Crash Course Chemistry. Therefore, I will be referring to you there during the study when it comes to how things work at the atomic level. But the next step from the chemistry of atoms and molecules involves the smallest units of living organisms - cells. All cells have certain basic functions, but they also differ greatly in size and shape, depending on their purpose. For example! One of the smallest cells in your body is a red blood cell, about 5 micrometers in diameter.
Now compare that to a single motor neuron that travels the length of your entire leg, from your big toe to the bottom of your spine, about a meter from end to end. Typically, cells assemble with the same cells to form the next level of organization: tissues, such as tissues, membranes, cavity membranes, scar tissue, and connective tissue. When two or more types of tissue come together, they form the organs - the heart, the liver, the lungs, the skin, and so on. The organs work together and come together to make things happen, building organ systems. That is, how the liver, stomach, and intestines of your digestive system all come together to take that burrito from one plate to another. And finally, all of those previous levels come together to form the highest level of organization in the body itself. You and I and your dog - we are all a glorious whole life, made up of an accurate organization of billions of cells almost continuously. This ability of all living systems to maintain a stable, internal state no matter what changes occur outside the body is called homeostasis and is another major component of integration in anatomy and physiology.
Your survival depends on maintaining balance - both your equipment and energy. For example, you need the right amount of blood, water, nutrients, and oxygen to create and disperse energy, as well as your overall body temperature, proper blood pressure, and the proper flow of waste to your body, all of which need to be maintained equally. And does your survival depend on it? I mean the biggest cause of death for everyone in the extreme and irreversible loss of homeostasis. Organic failure, hypothermia, dehydration, hunger, dehydration - all lead to the same end, by losing your internal balance that allows your body to keep processing energy. Take an extreme and sudden case - your arm goes out. If nothing is done immediately to cure the ulcer, you will bleed to death, will you? But ... what does that mean? What will happen? How do I die? However, that artery ulcer, if left untreated, will cause a significant drop in blood pressure, which in turn will prevent the delivery of oxygen throughout the body.
Therefore, the real consequence of such an injury - the real cause of death - is loss of homeostasis. But you cannot live without blood pressure, for without blood, your cells do not receive oxygen, and without oxygen, they cannot process energy, and you die. Since there are so many connected parts needed to make your life happen, you can see how we need the most accurate language to see the parts of your body and talk about what is happening to them. that the patient has a “stomach ache.”
They will need to provide a detailed explanation it is like a verbal map. Think of the person standing in front of you - the so-called old anatomical position - with the body standing and facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. Now imagine separating that person into different parts, or planes. Don't think of pictures too much though. The sagittal plane descends vertically and divides the body or limb into left and right segments. If you think of a plane that fits a sagittal plane but comes from one side, that plane is parasagittal.
Coronal or front plane separates everything from front to back. And a horizontal, or horizontal plane divides the body up and down. Look at that body again and you will see more divisions, such as the difference between the axial and appendicular segments. Everything associated with the navel of the body - the head, neck, and trunk - is considered to be the axial part, while the arms and legs - or appendages - are the appendicular parts that attach to the body axis. Everything in front of your body is considered a front, or ventral, and everything in the back is behind, or behind.
So, your eyes are in front, and your back is in the back, but you can also say that your chest is in front, or front of the spine and that the heart is in the back, or behind the chest bone. The elements that reach the top of your body, such as your head, are considered superior, or cranial, while the lower structures are lower, or caudal. The jaw is higher than the lungs because it is above it, and the pelvis is below the abdomen because it is below it. Also, there is more: if you think that the middle line goes down with the body axis, the structures that go to that middle line are called medial, and those that are far from the middle line are lateral. The arms are facing the heart, and the heart is in the middle of the arms.
If you look at the limbs and legs - your appendicular parts - you can call the areas near the proximal trunk area, and those farther away. In anatomy terms, your knee is closer to your ankle because it is closer to the axial line, while the wrist is farther away from the elbow because it is farther away from the area. Okay, so pop questions! I eat a club sandwich - I am not, I wish I was, but imagine I am. I am so poor and disturbed that I forget to take out that little toothpick on top, and end up swallowing it with a turkey, bacon, and toast. A piece of the toothpick is inserted somewhere in here, and my doctor takes an x-ray and says I need surgery.
Using body language, how would he direct the surgeon to that tiny wooden beam inside me? He may describe it as “the middle line, behind the heart, but the front of the spine, below the column bone, but higher than the abdomen.” That would give the surgeon a very good idea of where to look - in the throat, just above the abdomen! I warned you at the beginning: Many words! But all those words may have just saved my life. And that’s the end of your first lesson and you’ve already started talking about speech. Today you learned that anatomy studies the structure of body parts, and physiology explains how those parts fit together to function. We have also discussed some of the key principles of these processes, which include structural and functional coherence, organizational phase, and the balance of building materials and energy known as homeostasis is what keeps you alive. Then we wrap everything with primer in terms of direction, all wrapped together with a toothpick.
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