A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust. Hot rock, steam, poisonous gases, and ash reach the Earth's surface when a volcano erupts. An eruption can also cause earthquakes, mudflows ad flash floods, rocks falls and landslides, acid rain, fires, and even tsunamis.
A volcano is a mountain that has lava (hot, liquid rock) coming out from a magma chamber under the ground, or did have in the past. Volcanoes are formed by the movement of tectonic plates. The Earth's crust has 17 major, rigid tectonic plates. These float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOS:
Volcanoes do now not arise anywhere in the world's floor. The worldwide distribution reflects the existing distribution of extra than a dozen tectonic plates, rigid plates of the lithosphere, which move laterally across the Earth's floor at minute velocities in the order of centimeters consistent with a year. Of course, they cannot try this indefinitely without colliding with each different and this sample is managed by upwelling of magma at the strains of separation (the mid-ocean ridges) and both the "diving" down of the spreading oceanic plate under the one it spreads in opposition to (subduction) or, wherein continental parts of plates meet, collisions including fashioned the Himalayas. In subduction there may be each upwelling of magma from the mantle and melting within the lithosphere, after the descending oceanic plate has penetrated to some intensity, and volcanic arcs are so formed, not on the surface boundary between the plates (the oceanic trench), but at some distance past it in the overriding plate.
Most of the prevailing volcanoes of the Earth are concentrated in the arc zones; the ridge zones of upwelling produce a lot of eruption deep under the oceans, but few subaerial volcanic piles arise on them: exceptions being the volcanoes on Iceland and Tristan DA Curia. Some volcanoes arise in the oceans unrelated to either kind of plate tectonic area, but are attributed to warm spots or plumes inside the mantle: the Hawaiian Islands and the Galápagos are examples of those. Seamounts are stumps of such volcanoes. There also are volcanoes in rift zones within continents, as an instance Lanai, Tanzania, inside the lap rift and the volcanoes of the western rift, but such rift valleys are sincerely aborted oceanic ridges, in which the up doming and eruption has come about, however the two flanks never spread and diverged faraway from the rift.
CHEMISTRY OF VOLCANOES
Volcanoes can contribute to air pollution through the release of toxic gases, which can include water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen chloride (HCL), and hydrogen fluoride (HF), along with trace amounts of hydrogen (H), carbon monoxide (CO3), and hydrogen fluoride.
Effects of Volcano:
Volcanoes can change the weather. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning.
Fast-moving lava can kill people, and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes.
Lava can kill plants and animals too.
Further effects are the deterioration of water quality, fewer periods of rain, crop damages, and the destruction of vegetation. During volcanic eruptions and their immediate aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as mortality among those affected by volcanic eruptions.
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