Nanomedicine and Nana delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immune agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicine and Nana based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (n iiatural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules. The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicine in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed. In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area.
Nanomedicine is a relatively new and rapidly evolving field combining nanotechnology with the biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. 1–3 Nanoparticles can impart many pharmacokinetic, efficacy, safety, and targeting benefits when they are included in drug formulations. 1–5 Many nanograys have entered clinical practice, and even more are being investigated in clinical trials for a wide variety of indications. 2 However, biopharmaceuticals also face challenges, such as the need for better characterization, possible toxicity issues, a lack of specific regulatory guidelines, cost–benefit considerations, and waning enthusiasm among some health care professionals. 4, 5 For these reasons, expectations regarding nanograys that are in early stages of development or clinical trials need to remain realistic. In recent years, the development of novel approaches for the production of Nano for efficient transport of drug molecules in living systems offers a wide range of biotechnology applications. However, despite the remarkable developments of recent synthetic methodologies, most of all Nano action is associated with a number of unwanted side effects that diminish their efficient use in nanomedicine. This highlights some critical issues in the design and engineering of Nana systems for biotechnology applications, arising from the complex environment and multiform interactions established within the specific biological media. Many questions still remain open for what concerns the way to deal with the complexity of the biological processes involved. What is the minimal number of key parameters (and their related key factors) required to describe behavior of nanomaterials without sacrificing the complexity of the identified process? In other words, what is the “minimum level of complexity” to assume in the theoretical and experimental models that may satisfactorily describe the Nana (and nanomaterials) interaction with biological systems. Herein, we analyze relevant open questions with the aim of offering possible perspectives for the development of next-generation nanomaterials that are able to overcome the critical issues during their action in complex biological media.
The development of nanoparticle-based drug formulations has yielded the opportunities to address and treat challenging diseases. Nanoparticles vary in size, but are generally ranging from 100 to 500 nm. Through the manipulation of size, surface characteristics and material used, the nanoparticles can be developed into smart systems, encasing therapeutic and imaging agents as well as bearing stealth property. Further, these systems can deliver drug to specific tissues and provide controlled release therapy. This targeted and sustained drug delivery decreases the drug related toxicity and increase patient’s compliance with less frequent dosing. Nanotechnology has proven beneficial in the treatment of cancer, AIDS and many other diseases, also providing advancement in diagnostic testing.
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