introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in the North West region of South Asia. It was one of the three oldest civilizations in the world, including Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Hence it is also called Harappan Civilization. Under the direction of Dayaram Sahni, excavation work was started for the first time at Harappa in 1921.
The expansion of this civilization is extended to the Sutkagendor of Baluchistan in the west, Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the south, and Manda (Jammu and Kashmir) in the north.
1. Harappa
1. Six granaries and six fire pits have been found here.
2. Here, lined floors made of circular bricks have been found, which were probably used for food grains.
3. The Harappans were aware of the method of making tarkol (asphalt).
4. The main entrance to the house was in the north direction.
5. Here, R – 37 graveyard has been found.
6. A clay idol of Mother Goddess has been found here.
2. Mohenjodaro
1. Mohenjodaro was discovered by Rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922.
2. The literal meaning of Mohenjodaro in the Sindhi language is the mound of the dead.
3. It is situated in the Larkana district of Sindh (Pakistan) to the west of the Indus River and between the Indus River and the Ghaggar Hakda River.
4. The river Indus also flows east of this site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra river has dried up.
5. A huge bath, a huge granary, a large hall, a bronze dancer's idol, a Yogi's seal, a necklace weighing 250 grams, and many other seals have been found here.
6. Evidence of well-organized houses with an auditorium, kitchen, and courtyard have also been found.
7. The seven layers of the city of Mohenjodaro indicate that the city was destroyed and rebuilt seven times.
3. Chanhudaro
1. Chanhudaro is an archaeological site belonging to the urban Jhukar phase of the Indus Valley Civilization.
2. This area is located 130 kilometers (81 mi) south of Mohenjodaro in Pakistan's Sindh province.
3. This city was first discovered by 'N. Gopal Majumdar' in 1931 and excavated here by 'McKay' in 1943 AD. Evidence of Sandhav culture is found from the lowest level.
4. A bead factory has been found here; whatever is related to jewelry was celebrated here.
5. Here, the footprints of cats and dogs have also been found.
6. Curved bricks and lipstick, comb, razor, mascara, etc., have also been found here.
7. These people also used pipe-like tubes made of clay.
8. Mohenjodaro was on the left side of the Indus river, and Chanhudaro city was on the right side.
4. Lothal
1. It was discovered by SR Rao in 1954 in the Bhal region of present-day Gujarat.
2. From here, red-black pottery, copper tools, the structure of a tank made of bricks, a pearl-making factory, and the seal of Iran have been received.
3. A stone mill to grind flour has also been received from here.
5. Kalibanga
1. Kalibanga was discovered by an Italian Indologist Luigi Pio Tessitori in 1953 in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan.
2. It was not as well organized as Mohenjodaro.
3. There was no drainage system, but evidence of some fire pits and a plowed field has been found.
4. Evidence of earthquake has also been found here.
6. Banawali
1. Banawali is an archaeological site located in the Hisar district of the Indian state of Haryana, which is related to the Indus Valley Civilization.
2. From here, a solution made of clay has been obtained.
3. Good quality barley has also been obtained from Banawali.
4. It is also being said that there is a temple here.
5. It was discovered by Rabindra Singh Bisht in 1974. Evidence of plow toys has also been found from this place.
7. Dholavira
1. Dholavira was discovered in 1922 by J.P. Joshi in the Kutch district of Gujarat.
2. An inscription written in big letters has been found on a door in Dholavira.
3. Evidence of rock-cut architecture and modern water management systems has been found.
Salient Features of Indus Valley Civilization
1. Town planning was a major feature of the Harappan civilization. Therefore, this civilization is also called the first urbanized civilization.
2. The towns were divided into two parts, namely the fort and the lower town. The administration members lived in the fort, while the lower part was for the commoner.
3. Dholavira is the only exception as it was divided into three parts.
4. The main feature of the town was its drainage system. The drains were made of baked bricks and were covered with large stones. There were maintenance holes for cleaning. It is known from this that the people of Harappa took special care of cleanliness.
5. The people of this civilization were familiar with the units of measure because some wooden pieces were received from here on which the units of measure and weight were marked.
6. The dead body was buried after death.
7. Banawali and Kalibanga represent two phases, Pre-Harappan Civilization, and Harappan Civilization.
8. Chanhuddo was the only city without a fort.
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