EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF THE EYE:
The extraocular muscles are situated inside the circle yet are outward and separate from the
actual eyeball. They act to control the developments of the eyeball and the unrivaled eyelid.
There are seven extraocular muscles:: the levator palpebrae superioris, dominating
rectus, unremarkable rectus, normal rectus, sidelong rectus, unsatisfactory skewed, and
unmatched sideways. For all intents and purposes, they can be apportioned into two social..
affairs:
Liable for eye development – Recti and sideways muscles.
Liable for predominant eyelid development –
1) Levator palpebrae superiors
Activities: Elevates the upper eyelid.
Innervation: The levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III
Recti Muscles
There are four recti muscles; predominant rectus, second rate rectus, average rectus, and sidelong
rectus.
2) Superior Rectus
Activities: Main development is height. Additionally adds to the adduction and average pivot of the
eyeball.
Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III).
3) Inferior Rectus
Activities: Main development is despondency. Likewise adds to adduction and sidelong pivot of
the eyeball.
Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III).
4) Medial Rectus
Activities: Adducts the eyeball.
Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III).
5) horizontal rectus
Activities: Abducts the eyeball.
Innervation: Abducens nerve (CN VI).
Slanted Muscles
There are two angled muscles – the predominant and mediocre obliques.
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE FRONTAL LOBES:
1. AREAS MS1( PRIMARY MULTISENSORY AREA):
Includes,
Primary motor area
Secondary motor area
PRIMARY MOTOR AREA (MOTOR AREA):
Brodmann’s area 4.
Includes precentral gyrus
It controls all voluntary movements of the contralateral side of the body. Concerned with controlling the hands and muscles of the speech.
It obtains its main inputs from the cerebellum and thalamus.
SECONDARY MOTOR AREA( PREMOTOR AREA):
Brodmann’s areas 6, 8, 44, and 45. Occupies a large share of area 6 of Brodmann’s
Located in the anterior part of the precentral gyrus and the posterior part of superior,
middle, and inferior frontal gyri.
Most nerve signals generated in the premotor area cause movement patterns that involvegroup of muscles that perform specific tasks.
2. AREA MS 2 (SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA):
Brodmann’s areas 6 and 8
It is mainly present on the medial surface of the frontal lobe.
It is concerned with postural mechanisms.
Movement of contralateral limb but stronger stimuli is necessary.
Control complex movement.
3. MOTOR (ANTERIOR) SPEECH AREA OF (BROCA):
Brodmann’s area 44 and 45.
Situated in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left side ( in most of the people).
Bring about the formation of words by their connection with the adjacent primary cortex.
Damage to it produces motor aphasia characterized by poor influence.
4. FRONTAL EYEFIELD (VOLUNTARY OR EYE MOVEMENT):
Brodmann’s areas 6, 8 and 9
Present in the center of the middle frontal gyrus
It is involved in the voluntary eye movements and the accommodation pathway.
Also, control eyelids movements such as blinking.
5. PREFRONTAL CORTEX:
Brodmann’s area 9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 46 and 47.
Consist of greater pans of superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, the orbital gyri, most
of the medial frontal gyrus.
It is concerned with the make of other individual personalities.
HEAD ROTATION AREA:
It is present superior to the frontal eye fields.
Elicits head rotation.
Associated with the eye movement fields.
HEAD SKILLS AREA:
It is present superior to the head rotation area.
Destruction of this area causes, in coordinate and nonpurposeful movements of the hand
a condition called motor apraxia
these are very important that we all have this information about the eyes and the brain; our whole body works by the brain, and our whole actions perform by the blessing of the eye and brain. Without the brain,, we are nothing,, and without eyes,, we do nothing.
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