1. What is a database management system?
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package for defining, manipulating, retrieving, and managing databases. A database management system (DBMS) controls data, data format, field names, record structure, and file structure. It also specifies procedures for validating and manipulating the information.
2. Why do we use data structures?
We use data structures in our daily lives without even realizing it. In the digital world, the data structure is the best approach to organize information. The data structure is a fundamental concept in computer science, and it is widely utilized in fields such as artificial intelligence, operating systems, and graphics.
3. what is linear and nonlinear data structure?
The linear data structure is one in which data items are ordered consecutively or linearly, with each member attached to its previous and after neighboring elements. Examples are array, stack, queue, linked list, etc.
Nonlinear data structures are data structures in which data elements are not ordered sequentially or linearly. Examples are trees and graphs.
4. What is a linked list in data structure ?
A linked list is a linear data structure where the entries are not kept in memory in the same order. A linked list's elements are connected via pointers. A linked list comprises nodes, each of which has a data field and a reference (link) to the next node in the list.
5. Define Data Abstraction.
The reduction of a large amount of data to a simplified representation of the whole is known as data abstraction. Abstraction is the process of reducing something to a collection of fundamental features by eliminating or subtracting characteristics from it.
6. Which is preferable: C or C++?
C is a general-purpose programming language that prioritizes system programming. As a result, it's ideal for embedded systems. C++, on the other hand, is a pure general-purpose programming language, making it an excellent choice for a variety of application development tasks.
7. What are the four storage classes in C, and explain?
In C, there are four types of storage: automatic, register, static, and external.
Auto: This is the default storage class for all variables declared inside a function or a block.
Extern: The extern storage class indicates that the variable is defined outside the block in which it is utilized.
This storage class is used to declare static variables, commonly used while building programs in the C programming language.
Register: It declares register variables, which are similar to auto variables in terms of functionality.
8. What are the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming?
Object-Oriented Computer, or OOPs, refers to programming languages that make use of objects. The fundamental goal of OOP is to connect data and the functions that operate on it so that no other part of the code may access it except that function.
The following are the central notions of OOP:
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Abstraction
9. What are access modifiers ?
Access modifiers are used to accomplish Data Hiding, an essential component of Object-Oriented Programming. In a class, Access Modifiers or Access Specifiers are used to control the accessibility of its members. It imposes some limitations on class members, preventing them from being directly accessed by external functions.
11. Describe the qualities of the ACID.
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability are the acronyms for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Specific properties are followed before and after a transaction to preserve consistency in the database. ACID characteristics are what these are called.
12. What is a Binary Search Tree?
The Binary Search Tree data structure is a node-based binary tree with the following properties:
Only nodes with keys lower than the node's key are found in the left subtree of a node.
Only nodes with keys more significant than the node's key are found in the node's right subtree.
Each subtree on the left and right must be a binary search tree.
There must be no identical nodes.
13. Define the terms "pass by reference" and "pass by value."
We pass the value to the caller function as pass-by-value. Instead of giving the deal, we must pass the address to the caller function in Pass by Reference.
14. What is the definition of data warehousing? What are the benefits of data warehousing?
A data warehouse is a business intelligence tool that saves information from both internal and external databases. It aids an organization's decision-making process.
To ensure that the data collected is consistent, we should employ a data warehouse. It also aids in the development of data-driven initiatives by company leaders.
15. What is the definition of inheritance?
In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), inheritance is a class-based method.
The data members and properties of a parent class are passed down to a child class through inheritance. A sub-class or a child class is a class that is derived from another level, and the type from which the child class is derived is known as a super-class or pare.
16. What is the life-cycle of software development?
The steps involved in the software development life cycle are referred to as the software development life cycle. It is usually followed by the development team, which is responsible for the organization's software development. It is a detailed description of the software development and maintenance process.
17. Without utilizing a temporary variable, write a function to swap two numbers.
void swap(int &i, int &j)
{
i=i+j;
j=i-j;
i=i-j;
}
18. What are the essential categories of software?
System software
Application software
Embedded software
Web Applications
Artificial Intelligence software
Scientific software.
19. In the software development process, what is the meaning of debugging?
Debugging is the process that results in the removal of errors. It is an essential part of successful testing.
20. What are function points?
Function points are the features that are provided by the software product. It is considered the most crucial measurement for software size.
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