Top 10 blood disease

 1) Anemia:

 Decrease in hemoglobin concentration according to nee sex, built and location is called Anemia Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood The several ands of anemia are produced by a variety of underlying causes, It can be classified a Vanity of ways including etiology of disease and based on the morphology of RBCs.

Classification of Anemia

 Morphological Approach: In the morphological approach, anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells: this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. The size is reflected in the mean cell volume (MCV). If the cells are smaller than normal (under 80 f), the anemia is microcytic. Suppose they are normal in size (80-101 fl), normocytic. If they are larger than normal (over 101 ft), the anemia is classified as macrocytic. This scheme quickly exposes some of the most common causes of anemia. For example, microcytic anemia is often the result of iron deficiency. Limitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors - such as iron deficiency (a cause of microcytosis) and vitamin B12 defíciency (a cause of macrocytosis) where the net result can be normocytic based on average MCV.

2) Microcytic Anemia:

If the MCV value is less than 80fl, the type of anemia is called Microcytic Anemia. Microcytic anemia is primarily a result of hemoglobin synthesis failure or insufficient production, which could be caused by several etiologie: Hemee synthesis defect Iron deficiency anemia Anemia of chronic disease (more commonly presenting as normocytic anemia but may rarely appear as microcytic) Sideroblastic anemia.

3) Megaloblastic anemia:

  It is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia to absorb vitamin az from food. A lack of intrinsic factor may arise from Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor (IF), which is required. Deficiency in folate and/or vitamin Brz can be due to either inadequate Macroep caused by a deficiency of either vitamin B or folic acid or both together. If the MCV value is more than 101fl, the type of anemia is called M Anemia. Macrocytic anemia can be further divided into "Megaloblastic Anemia.

4). Macrocytic Anemia:

or "Non-Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia." Megaloblastic anemia, or insufficient absorption. Pernicious anemia absorbs vitamin m12 from food. A lack of intrinsic factor may arise f an autoimmune condition targeting the parietal cells (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself. These lead to absorption of vitamin Biz Non-Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia may be caused by Hypothyroidism, Alcoholism, Liver disease Drugs such as Methotrexate, zidovudine, and other substances may inhibit DNA replication such as heavy metals (e.g., Lead).

5). Normocytic Anemia:

Normocytic anemia occurs when the overall hemoglobin levels are decreased, but the red blood cell size (mean cell volume) remains normal. Causes of normocytic anemia include acute blood loss, Anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemia.

6). Dimorphic Anemia:

A dimorphic appearance on a peripheral blood smear occurs when there are tO simultaneous populations of red blood cells, typically of different sizes and hemoglobin contents present in blood. For example, a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small, pale, iron deficient red blood cells (RBCs) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color. Similarly, a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations, but, in this case, the patient's RBCs would be larger and paler than the donor's RBCs. Evidence for multiple causes appears with an elevated RBC distribution width (RDW), indicating Anisocytosis, which means a wider than normal range of red cell sizes. Classification of Anemia based on etiology (Cause) Anemia due to decreased red cells production: Pure red cell aplasia Aplastic anemia Anemia of chronic disease Pernicious anemia Megaloblastic anemia Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Myelodysplastic syndrome.

7) Iron Deficiency Anemia:

 Dietary Aspect of Iron: The total body stores of iron for adults are between 2 to 4g (depending on the size of the adult). Approximately two-thirds are present in hemoglobin. If the body lacks iron, it cannot produce heme, hence no hemoglobin resulting in anemia, known as iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Consequently, when the iron reserves in the body are depleted, the most sensitive indicator will be the hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Every day about 0.8% of the total red blood cell mass must be replaced. This process requires about 20mg of iron. The majority of iron is provided by the old red blood cells destroyed by the reticuloendothelial (RE) cells of the spleen and liver. The body has a remarkable capacity to use the same iron over and over again. For that reason, iron stores do not need to be large. Approximately Img of iron is lost each day through excretion from the epithelium of the skin and the intestinal wall. Even in massive iron overload, the amount of iron lost via the physiological routes is limited to 2mg per day maximum. The only other way that iron can escape from the body is by bleeding. This is why menstruating women have a greater minimum daily requirement (MDR) of iron than men. The average adult male needs 1.0-1.5 mg of dietary iron each day replace the amount lost through excretion, whereas the average adult female needs 1.5-2.5 mg per day.

8) Thalassemia:

Another major group of microcytic hypochromic anemia due to maturation defects is "Thalassemia." The term "thalassemia" comes from the Greek words "thalers," meaning sea, and "Emma," which stands for blood. This compound word came into being because this anemia was originally found only in people living in areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Thalassemia is a heterogeneous and complex group of inherited diseases that share certain clinical symptoms such as reduced MCV and MCH, ineffective hematopoiesis, and accelerated hemolysis. These symptoms are the result of abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. However, thalassemia differs from other microcytic hypochromic anemia in that the anemia is not caused by abnormalities in the heme synthesis. Still, the anemia is due to abnormalities in globin synthesis.

9) Alpha-Thalassemia:

In this group of diseases, the deficiency is in the synthesis of a-globin chains. The P-globins are not affected and are produced at their normal rate. The human genome contains two sets of two a genes 2u-genes on the chromosomes inherited from the father, and two o-genes on the chromosomes inherited from the mother All four genes are normally expressed in developing red blood cells, and suppression of all four genes is needed to completely suppress a-chain synthesis. The normal mechanism of suppression of u-genes is by deletion.

10) Beta-Thalassemia:

thalassemia is characterized by a deficiency of B-globin chain synthesis. Since humans have only one set of B-globin genes, total or partial suppression of the expression of either one or both B-genes results in low hemoglobin production. The underlying mechanisms causing B-thalassemia are completely different from those causing a-thalassemia, a-thalassemia are result of genes deletions whereas B thalassemia is caused by reduced regulation of the B-genes. 

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