New Year's is the time or day that the new calendar year now begins, and the calendar year is incremented by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some way. In the most widely used calendar system today, the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day falls on his January 1st (New Year's Day before New Year's Eve). It was also the first day of the year in the original Julian and Roman calendars (since 153 BC).
Other cultures follow their own customs to celebrate traditional or religious New Year's Day. Usually (but not always) using a lunar or lunisolar calendar. Well-known examples are Chinese New Year, Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Phandu), and Jewish New Year. India, Nepal and other countries also celebrate the New Year with dates according to their own calendars that can be shifted in the Gregorian calendar.
During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, when the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities designated New Year's Day as March 1st, March 25th, Easter, September 1st, December 25th, etc., depending on the region. Moved to some other days. Since then, the civil calendars of many countries in the Western world and beyond have switched New Year's Day, January 1, to a specific date. Most did so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar.
The present-day Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar is the virtual culmination of the ancient eastern development cycle, though it includes later additions based on subsequent history and lives of saints. It still begins on September 1, proceeding annually into the Nativity of the Theotokos (September 8) and Exaltation of the Cross (September 14) to the celebration of Nativity of Christ (Christmas), through his death and resurrection (Pascha/Easter), to his Ascension and the Dormition of the Theotokos ("falling asleep" of the Virgin Mary, August 15). This last feast is known in the Roman Catholic church as the Assumption. The dating of "September 1" is according to the "new" (revised) Julian calendar or the "old" (standard) Julian calendar, depending on which is used by a particular Orthodox Church. Hence, it may fall on September 1 on the civil calendar, or on September 14 (between 1900 and 2099 inclusive).
The liturgical calendars of the Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox churches are unrelated to these systems but instead follow the Alexandrian calendar which fixed the wandering ancient Egyptian calendar to the Julian year. Their New Year celebrations on Neyrouz and Enkutatash were fixed; however, at a point in the Sothic cycle close to the Indiction; between the years 1900 and 2100, they fall on September 11 during most years and September 12 in the years preceding a leap year.
Christian liturgical year
The early development of the Christian liturgical year coincided with the Roman Empire (East and West) and later the Byzantine Empire, both of whom used his tax system called Indiction, whose year began on his September 1st. rice field. This point may explain the founding of the ancient church on September 1 as the beginning of the liturgical year, even though January 1 of the Julian calendar was the official Roman New Year's Day. there is. A different realm from the imperial era. The date of September 1 was retained throughout Christianity for centuries, but subsequent schisms eventually led to revisions in some places.
After the sack of Rome in 410, communication and travel between East and West deteriorated. Liturgical developments in Rome and Constantinople were not always congruent, and strict formal observance was never prescribed in the Church. A major development point was retained. The Roman and Constantinople liturgical calendars remained compatible after the 1054 split between East and West. The distance between the Roman Catholic Church calendar and the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar has only increased over the centuries.
In the intervening centuries, the Roman Catholic liturgical year was shifted to the first day of Advent, the Sunday closest to St. Andrew's Day (November 30). According to the Latin ritual of the Catholic Church, the liturgical year begins at 4am.
Midnight on the Saturday before the 4th Sunday of December 25th (26th November to 2nd December). By the time of the Reformation (early 16th century), the common Roman Catholic calendar provided the first basis for liturgically oriented Protestant calendars, including the Anglicans and Lutherans, who inherited this liturgical New Year observance. Did.
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