Articles
Rules, 1:
To say 'You know which I mean', we put the before a noun.
যখন আমরা বলি, তুমি জান আমি কি বলতে চাইছি, তখন noun এর পূর্বে the বসাতে হয়।
Example :
I’ve been to the doctor. (You know which one: my doctor).
Have you fed the dogs? (You know which ones I mean).
Could you pass the salt? (You can see the salt that I want).
Rules 2:
When we can’t say 'You know which I mean', we put a or "an", before a singular countable noun.
যখন আমরা বলি, তুমি জান না আমি কি বলতে চাইছি, তখন singular countable noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসাতে হয়।
Example :
There's a rat in the kitchen! I need an envelope.
Rules 3:
Put no article with a plural or uncountable noun.
Plural uncountable noun এর পূর্বে কোনো article বসানো যায় না।
Example :
She’s afraid of rats. I need help.
Rules 4:
Four common mistakes to avoid
Don't use a or "an", with plural or uncountable nouns.
Plural বা uncountable noun এর পূর্বে a অথবা an বসানো যায় না।
Example :
Jack collects stamps.
Our garden needs water, (not....... a water).
More about the
Rules 1:
The = you know which one(s)
The usually means something like ‘you know which I mean’. We use the before a noun (singular, plural or uncountable) when our listener/reader knows (or can easily see) which particular person(s), thing(s), etc. we are talking about.
যখন কোনো নির্দিষ্ট ব্যাক্তি, বস্তু, স্থান প্রভৃতিকে বোঝান হয়, তখন আমারা The ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Compare:
I’m going to the bank. (The listener knows which: the usual one.)
Is there a bank near here? (any bank)
I didn’t like the film, (the one that the speaker and listener saw)
Let's go and see a film. (The speaker doesn’t say which one.)
She arrived at the 8.15 train. (The speaker says which train).
She arrived in an old taxi. (The speaker doesn’t say which old taxi).
Did you wash the clothes? (The listener knows which clothes).
I need to buy clothes. (No one knows exactly which clothes will be bought.)
What did you do with the coffee I bought? (The speaker says which coffee).
I don't drink coffee, (any coffee)
Rules 2:
Our listener/reader may know which one(s) we mean because:
We have mentioned it/them before
যখন শ্রোতা বা পড়ুয়া জানে যে, আমরা কি বলতে চাইছি, তখন The ব্যবহার করা হয়। কারণ আমরা এটার ব্যাপারে আগেই বলে দিয়েছে।
Example:
She’s got two children: a boy and a girl. The boy's fourteen and the girl’s eight.
So what did you do then?
‘Gave the money right back to the policeman’.
(The listener has already heard about the money and the policeman.)
Rules 4:
We say which one(s) we mean
আবার আমরা যখন কোনো জিনিসকে নির্দিষ্ট করে বলি তখন, The ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Who are the girls over there with Tom?
Tell Amy the story about Jack and Susie.
He’s already lost the phone he bought last week.
Rules 5:
It is clear from the situation which one(s) we mean
নির্দিষ্ট পরিস্থিতি বুঝাতে The ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Could you close the door? (Only one door is open).
Anna’s in the kitchen. I can't find the car papers.
Did you enjoy the party? What's the time?
The = 'the only one(s) around'
The listener may know which one we mean because there is no choice - there is only one (the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the universe, the future) or There is only one in our part of the world (the government).
যখন শ্রোতা জানে, আমরা কি বলতে চাইছি কারণ সেখানে কোনো বিকল্প থাকে না। সেগুলি একটি মাত্র থাকে, তাই তাদের পূর্বে The বসানো হয়। যেমন - সূর্য, চাঁদ, বিশ্ব।
Example :
I haven’t seen the sun for days. Do you trust the government?
People used to think the earth was flat.
Do you know the Alders? (It is clear to the listener that there can only be one family of that name around.)
Go straight over two sets of traffic lights and then turn right after the supermarket. (The listener doesn't know the supermarket, but has enough information to identify it).
Rules 3:
Superlatives: I'm the oldest.
We usually use the with superlatives because there is normally only one best, biggest, etc. individual or group (so it is clear which one(s) we are talking about). For the same reason, we usually use the with first, next, last, same and only.
আমরা সাধারণত superlative এর ক্ষেত্রে the ব্যবহার করি, কারণ এটা পরিষ্কার থাকে যে, আমরা কোন জিনিসটা বা কোন ব্যক্তিটার কথা বলছি। একই ভাবে first, second, next, last এই শব্দ গুলির পূর্বেও The বসানো হয়।
Example :
I’m the oldest in my family. Can I have the next pancake?
We went to the same school.
The meaning 'the well-known'
After a name, an identifying expression with the is often used to make it clear that the person referred to is 'the well-known one'.
কোনো, কোনো noun এর পূর্বে the বসে, কারণ যার কথা বলা হচ্ছে, তার পরিচয় পরিষ্কার করা হয় ।
Example :
She married Brad Pitt, the actor.
I’d like you to meet Cathy Parker, the novelist.
Possessives and demonstratives
We do not use the with possessives or demonstrative.
আমরা possessive বা demonstrative noun বা pronoun এর পূর্বে The বসাতে পারি না।
Example :
This is my uncle, (not........ The, my uncle.)
Is that Emily's car? (not............. The, Emily's-ear?)
I like this beer, (not.......... The, this beer.)
Proper nouns (names)
We do not usually use the with singular proper nouns (there are some exceptions.)
আমরা সাধারণত proper singular noun এর পূর্বে the বসাতে পারি না। তবে কিছু ব্যাতিক্রম আছে।
Example :
Emily lives in Switzerland, (not The Emily lives in the Switzerland.)
But note the use of 'the', with a person’s name, to mean "the well-known".
'My name’s Emma Watson'. ‘What, not the Emma Watson?’
Things in general
We usually use no article, not "the", to talk about things in general - the does not mean 'all'.
আমরা সাধারণ জিনিসের ক্ষেত্রে The বসাতে পারিনা, কারণ The সমস্ত জিনিস কে বুঝায় না।
Books are expensive, (not The books are expensive.)
Life is hard, (not The life is hard.)
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