contribution of top R&D investors to the overall development of these fields. Top corporate R&D investors accelerated their inventive activities in areas such as engines, automated driving systems, big data, artificial intelligence, 3-D printing and information and communication technologies.
It is necessary to remember that the two main ingredients for the development of new technology are codified knowledge in the form of theories, frameworks, scientific papers, patents, recipes, protocols, routines and instruction manuals and tacit knowledge or knowhow, which is acquired through learning by doing in a long process of imitation and repetition and which exists only in brains. The development of science, technology, innovation and production require both codified and tacit knowledge but the codifiable component of science and technology get registered, respectively, in the form of scientific publications and patents, and these are grouped into categories. Scientific publications, patents, industries, occupations and products are proxies of scientific knowledge, technological development, economic activity and human skills.
They form what is known as a multiplex network with six kinds of nodes where geographic location represents the last one. Understanding relations within each layer, e.g., the knowledge space, the patent space, the industry space, the occupation space, the product space and the country (or location space); and across layers should shed light on the foundations of countries economic development and the policies to be implemented in all of these areas to promote it.areas, e.g., service technicians/engineers.
A widespread adoption of smart farming and PA practices requires that these technologies will provide value added to the individual farmer. This can increase farm income (Jensen et al., 2012), but profits from farm process innovations, such as adoption of PA, may be captured by others than the innovator (Teece, 1986). For instance, it is possible that profits from smart farming and PA adoption will lead to higher land and land rental prices. Smart farming and PA technologies may also have an impact on the daily operations. Some of the previous routine-based operations will be replaced by more convenient systems as many farmers have experienced with autosteering. Specific PA technologies will also reduce the use of chemicals and thereby provide a better working environment for some specific farm operations.
In general, smart farming application, when it reaches a significant percentage of end users, will change the agricultural production. It will require farmers to increase their educational level to work with complicated ICT tools and also maintain their field knowledge that can assist them on decision-making.addition, telephones in homes are connected to other household devices, such as computers, faxes, and security systems. Some telephones serve multiple purposes. This situation increases the likelihood of calling telephone numbers that are not answered by the household occupants and contributes to lower survey response rates.
However, the most profound technological change affecting telephone surveys is the increased use of cellular telephones and the tendency for individual household members to have their own phones. In some cases, households have eliminated traditional land-line phones and use cellular phones only, thus reducing the coverage of traditional phone numbers as a sample frame. There are formidable obstacles to including cellular telephone numbers in random digit sample frames. Some individuals pay by the minute for inbound calls and therefore pay for any calls made to them by others. Risks also exist with respect to calling individuals while in the midst of other activities such as driving a vehicle on a busy street.
Significant differences exist among countries with regard to ownership of cellular telephones and norms that govern their use. In some countries, cellular telephones are the dominant means of telephone communication, leading to substantial decreases in use of land-lines. In other countries, particularly those with poor land-line telephone infrastructures, cellular telephone technology has provided a means of offering telephone service where none previously existed. Cellular telephone numbers appear in directories in some countries but not in others. In addition, interrupting people in midactivity to conduct a survey does not seem to be a problem in some countries, but in others it is viewed as unacceptable. It remains to be seen how these concerns will be resolved.
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