The birth of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction.
Modes of reproduction
Plants have roots, stems and leaves are called the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants bear flowers, which performs the function of reproduction in plants. Flowers are the reproductive parts.
Types of reproduction
There are two types of giving birth to offspring are below:
1. Reproduction:
Plants that give birth to new plants with the help of seeds. It requires genetic material (DNA) from two parents. The parent plants have male and female cells called gametes. The genetic material from the male and female gametes combines to produce offspring. This process is called fertilization. Seeds produced through fertilization contains genetic material from both parents. As a result, the offspring are not genetically identical to either of the parent plants.
Flowering plants reproduce through a process called pollination. The flowers contain male organs called stamens and female organs called pistils. The anther is the part of the stamen that contains pollen. This pollen needs to be moved to a part of the pistil called the stigma.
Plants that give birth to new plants without the help of seeds. Only requires DNA from one parent. It creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Genetically identical offspring are called clones. Clones lack genetic diversity. This makes them more susceptible to disease. It also makes them less adaptable to changes in the environment.
Types of Reproduction
1. Vegetative propagation Reproduced from roots, stems, leaves and buds. Where the reproduction is through the vegetative parts of the plant, it is known as vegetative propagation. Example Potato, Ginger, Garlic, and Onion etc.
2. BuddingWhen we take an example of yeast, The small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. The bud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells. Sometimes, another bud arises from the bud, forming a chain of buds. If the process continues, many number of yeast cells will be produced in a short time. Example Bread, and Yeast etc.
3. Fragmentation
It involves new plants growing from small parts of the parent plant that fall to the ground. For example, animals or the wind can break stems or leaves off plants. This is one of the ways that plants like liverworts and mosses reproduce. You might have seen slimy green patches in ponds, or in other stagnant water bodies. These are the algae. An alga breaks up into two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into new individuals. Example Leaves, Bacteria etc.
4. Spore formation Each spore is covered by a hard protective coat to withstand unfavorable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. So they can survive for a long time. Under favorable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new individual. Example Fungi etc
Types of Flowers
1. Uni-Reproduction flowers
Flowers which contain either only pistil or only stamens. Example Corn, papaya and cucumber.
2. Bi - Reproduction flowers
Flowers which contain both stamens and pistil. Example mustard and rose.
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