When the Cricket World Cup opens in India next month, several players will carry Kashmiri willow wood bats, but manufacturers say the over-exploitation of trees means their craft faces ruin.
Unchecked logging without replanting has reduced swaths of woodland to scrub in the disputed Indian-administered Himalayan territory, and bat manufacturers face a bleak future.
“It’s a case of culling all the time and no sowing,” said Irfan Ali Shah, a senior official in the government’s forest service.
Willow grows far more slowly than the more commercially viable poplar, and bat makers warn the entire industry, a major employer, is at risk.
“We have started searching far-off corners of the valley, but there is not much good willow to be found anywhere for making the best quality bats,” said Fawzul Kabiir, whose GR8 bats are International Cricket Council-approved and sold worldwide.
“If the government doesn’t help plant again soon on a large scale, we will run out of raw material in three to five years,” said Kabiir. Found from Europe to Central Asia, water-loving white willows, scientific name Salix alba, are deciduous trees growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall.
Numbers expanded enormously during the 19th century under British colonial rule, when plantations were laid for firewood during the freezing mountain winter.
The ready supply of willow, the wood favoured by cricketers, also sparked a craft in bats.
Tendulkar, Kohli and Waugh
Willow has criss-crossing fibres that give it strength and tiny air pockets that reduce vibrations, making the wood light but powerful enough to smash a ball for six.
International big hitters have traditionally preferred willow from England, but the same tree grows in Kashmir and every year the region now produces three million “clefts” – the rough-cut blocks of wood ready for shaping.
It is the bulk of global supply and bat-maker Kabiir, 31, insists: “The best Kashmir willow bat is at least as good as English willow.”
GR8 says its customers included cricketing greats from Indian heroes Sachin Tendulkar and Virat Kohli to Australia’s Steve Waugh and South Africa’s Graeme Smith and AB de Villiers.
Kashmir’s bat-makers prospered over the decades as cricket’s popularity grew, with demand surging after India’s 1983 World Cup win. The sport now has more than a billion fans globally.
Today, the industry employs some 120,000 people across 400 workshops, according to manufacturers.
It is a key contributor to the economy of Kashmir, a Muslim-majority region claimed in full by both India and Pakistan but split between them, with the portion controlled by New Delhi roiled by a long-running rebellion.
But supplies are vanishing fast.
Agricultural scientists at Sher-e-Kashmir University have warned female willow trees, the most suitable for bat-making, are facing “near extermination” in Kashmir.
Nearly a million trees were logged in the past decade as the government removed plantations sucking up water from the shrinking Wular lake, protected under the United Nations Ramsar Convention.
Elsewhere, willows have been hacked down to make space for farmland and rice paddies.
Demand for timber from other industries, including plywood and pencils, has meant some have replaced willow with swifter-growing poplar.
“A willow tree matures in 30 years and poplar in half the time, and it fetches the same price,” said Feroz Ahmed Reshi, whose family has supplied willow wood to bat makers for generations. “This year, we planted 300 poplars and about five willows.”
A worker crafts a Kashmiri willow wood cricket bat.
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