how india become top 2nd ranking country in the world . India - An introduction .

India is a vast country. To the north lies the Himalayas, the world's highest and youngest mountain range. The Indus, Sutlej, Ganges, and Brahmputra rivers flow through deep canyons in these deep canyons in these mountains. The peninsular plateau is an ancient landmass. India is a land of contrasts. You freeze in the extreme cold of Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir while you swelter in the heat of the Thar desert In Rajasthan. Mawsynram in Meghalaya has the highest rainfall in the world. Many different kinds of trees and animals are found in the subcontinent. Different languages are spoken in different regions. People dress and eat in different ways. These differences complement each other. Every region depends on the other for its needs. 

The Indian subcontinent can be seen as an independent geographical region in the map of the Asian continent. To the north-west lie the Kirthar and Sulaiman mountain chains. To the north is the Hindu kush range. The Himalayas extend like a bow from north to east. The Arakan Yoma Mountains are located in the northeast. They extend from western Myanmar in the south, along the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and connect with the Himalayas in the north.

                  The geographical area of the Indian subcontinent in the Asian continent 

The Indian subcontinent is a unique region of the Asian continent. Its geographical location and topography give it a distinct climate that is called the monsoon climate . Imagine if there was no high and extended Himalayan mountain range to the north and no expanse of the season on both sides of the peninsula to the south; what rainfall would the subcontinent receive? What would save it from the biting cold wind blowing southwards from the North pole? If there were no Himalayas, there would be no mighty rivers flowing [ Indus, Ganges, Yamuna, etc. ] and no extensive plains created by these rivers; the Indian subcontinent would be transformed into a barren desert such conditions. 

The fertile Inus and Ganges river valley gave birth ancient civilisations. Historians say that humans left Africa 67,000 years ago in search of food and water. They travelled through West Asia to reach the Indian subcontinent. The point to ponder is how did they find a way into the subcontinent that is so naturally impregnable from all sides? They came through the mountain passes are the Khyber and Bolan pass. These north-western passes opened up routes to Tibet. People also reached the north-eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent through the eastern passes and the Shan plateau, settling in the Brahmaputra plains. Many people reached India by sea through the Makram coast to the south. The point is that wherever geographical conditions create barriers for people, they also create new opportunities. 

Different people kept coming to the Indian subcontinent at different times, bringing their cultures with them. Some of them assimilated themselves into the communities already living here, while others maintained their separate identities. Their diverse cultures, religions, beliefs, and professions inter-mixed and influenced each other over time. So cultural pluralism flourished in the Indian subcontinent even as a common cultural thread was woven by the ancient civilizations involved.

Now India's population is equivalent to 17.7% of th total world population. India ranks number 2 in the list of countries ] and dependencies] by population.