Prepositions 30 get the ends of clauses
1 Introduction
A preposition often connects two things: (1) a noun, adjective or verb that comes before it, and (2) a prepositional object - a noun phrase or pronoun that comes after the preposition.
Preposition প্রায় দুটো জিনিস কে যুক্ত করে থাকে, এক প্রিপজিশন এর আগে আসা নাউন এডজেকটিভ ও verb কে। দুই, preposition এর পরে আসা prepositional object, noun phrase অথবা pronoun কে যুক্ত করে থাকে।
Example :
This is a present for you. He's looking at her.
I'm really angry with Joe. They live in a small village.
Rules 1:
In some structures, we may put the prepositional object at or near the beginning of a clause. In this case, the preposition does not always go with it - it may stay together with 'its' noun, adjective or verb at the end of the clause.
কোনো, কোনো গঠনে আমরা, prepositional object টি একটি clause এর শুরুতে বা কাছে রাখতে পারি। এই ক্ষেত্রে Preposition টি এটার সাথে থাকে না, Preposition টি তার noun adjectives, বা verb এর শেষে থাকে।
This happens especially in four cases:
এটা বিশেষত চার ক্ষেত্রে দেখতে পাওয়া যায় :
WH questions: Who’s the present for?
Relative structures: Joe’s the person that I'm angry with.
Passives: She likes to be looked at.
Infinitive structures: The village is pleasant to live in.
WH questions: What are you looking at?
When a question word is the object of a preposition, the preposition most often comes at the end of the clause, especially in informal usage.
যখন একটি প্রশ্ন সূচক শব্দ, একটি Preposition এর object হয়, তখন প্রায়, Preposition টি clause এর শেষে বসে।
Example :
Who's the present for? (For whom is the present? Is extremely formal).
What are you looking at? Who did you go with?
Where did she buy it from? Which flight is the general travelling on?
What kind of films are you interested in?
This also happens in indirect WH questions, and in other what-clauses.
Tell me what you're worried about. What a lot o f trouble I’m in!
Some questions consist simply of question word + preposition.
কিছু প্রশ্ন শুধু, প্রশ্ন সূচক শব্দ দিয়ে বাক্য তৈরী করতে হয়।
Example :
What with? Who is for?
However, this structure is unusual when there is a noun with the question word.
কিন্তু যায় হোক যদি সেখানে, একটি noun থাকে তাহলে এই গঠনটি ব্যবহার হয় না।
Example :
With what money? (not What money with?)
Rules 2
Relative clauses: the house I told you about
When a relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, the preposition also often goes at the end of the clause, especially in informal usage.
যখন preposition টির Object relative pronouns হয়, তাহলে preposition টি clause এর শেষে বসে।
Example :
Joe’s the person that I'm angry with. (Less formal than..........with whom I am angry)
This is the house (that) I told you about. (Less formal than...........about which I told you) You remember the boy (who) I was going out with?
She's the only woman (who) I’ve ever really been in love with.
That's what I'm afraid of.
Because who is unusual in an informal style, it is very rare in clauses that end with prepositions.
Rules 4 passives: She likes to be looked at.
In passive structures, prepositions go with their verbs.
Passive গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে preposition টি তার Verb এর সাথে থাকে।
Example :
She likes to be looked at.
I don’t know where he is - his bed hasn’t been slept in.
Kate was operated on last night.
Rules 5 : Infinitive structures:
Pleasant to live in Infinitive, complements can have prepositions with them.
বাস করা বুঝাতে infinitive complements এর শেষে preposition ব্যবহার হয়।
Example :
The village is pleasant to live in.
She needs other children to play with.
Can you get me a chair to stand on?
I’ve got lots of music to listen to.
Their house isn't easy to get to.
Rules 6: exceptions: During which period...?
During and since are not normally put at the ends of clauses.
During এবং since, clause এর শেষে বসে না, প্রথমে বসে।
Example :
During which period did it happen? (not Which period did it happen during?)
Since when have you been working for her?
Rules 7 formal structures: With whom ...?
In a more formal style, a preposition is often put earlier in questions and relative structures, before the question word or relative pronoun.
Formal style এ question ও relative গঠনে, preposition টি question word ও relative pronouns এর পূর্বে বসে ।
Example :
With whom did she go?
It was the house about which he had told them.
She was the only person with whom he could discuss his problems.
This can also happen in infinitive complements, in a very formal style. A relative pronoun is used.
Infinitive complements এর ক্ষেত্রেও WH word এর পূর্বে Preposition ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example :
She needs other children with whom to play.
It is a boring place in which to live.
Note that after prepositions which and whom can be used, but not normally who and that.
কিন্তু who ও that এর পূর্বে Preposition ব্যবহার করা যায় না।
Even in a very formal style, prepositions are not often put at the beginning of questions which have been as the main verb.
Who is it for, madam? (not For whom is it?) And the structures were........ to, what........ like and what.......... for having a fixed order.
Where shall I send it to? (but not To where shall I send it?) What does she look like? (but not like what does she look?) What did you buy that for? But not Prepositions cannot be moved away from passive verbs even in a formal style.
In my family, money was never spoken about, not......
Sources, Practical English Usage by Michael Swan, to buy the book click on
You must be logged in to post a comment.