Abstract
A higher risk of acute and post-acute death as well as sequela in many organ systems is linked to the first infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is uncertain if hazards acquired after the initial infection increase with re infection. Here, we created a cohort of people with one SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 443,588), reinfection (two or more infections, n = 40,947), and an uninfected control (n = 5,334,729) using the national healthcare database of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. Reinfection increased the risks of death (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.17, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.93-2.45), hospitalization (HR = 3.32, 95% CI 3.13-3.51), and complications such as pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematological, diabetes, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, musculoskeletal, and n According to the research, both in the acute and post-acute phases, reinfection increases the risk of death, hospitalization, and sequela in various organ systems. The overall burden of SARS-CoV-2-related illness and death will need to be reduced, necessitating actions to prevent reinfection. Urological disorders. Regardless of immunization status, the risks were obvious. Main
To answer whether SARS-CoV-2 reinfection increases the health risks associated with a first SARS-CoV-2 infection, we used the electronic healthcare database of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. The risks of acute and post-acute outcomes in people who had reinfection were characterized, and finally we estimated the cumulative risks and one-year burdens associated with one, two, three, or more infections compared to a no infected control cohort. This was done in a cohort of people who experienced a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection compared to those who did not.
Results
There were 443,588 cohort participants with no SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (only a single SARS-CoV-2 infection) and 40,947 participants who had SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (two or more infections) 5,334,729 participants with no record of positive SARS-CoV-2 infection were in the no infected control group. Among those who had reinfection, 37,997 (92.8%) people had two infections, 2,572 (6.3%) people had three infections and 378 (0.9%) people had four or more infections. The median distribution of time between the first and second infection was 191 d (interquartile range (IQR) = 127–330) and between the second and third was 158 d (IQR = 115–228). The demographic and health characteristics of those with no reinfection, reinfection and the Given the likelihood that SARS-CoV-2 will continue to mutate and might remain a threat for years if not decades, leading to the emergence of variants or sub variants that might be more immune-evasive, and given that reinfections are occurring and might continue to occur due to these emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants at scale in many countries across the globe, and given that reinfection contributes nontrivial health risk both in the acute and post-acute phases, a strategy that would result in vaccines that are more durable, cover a broad array of variants (variant-proof vaccine strategy), reduce transmission (and subsequently reduce the risk of infection and reinfection) and reduce both acute and long-term consequences in people who get infected or re injected is urgently needed Other pharmaceutical and no pharmaceutical interventions to lessen both the risk of reinfection and its adverse health consequences are also urgently needed. Risk and burden of all-cause mortality, hospitalization and at least one sequela in the acute and post-acute phases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection versus no reinfection.
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