The Han Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD) founded by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the Liu family. The dynasties were preceded by the short-lived Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC), the military regime known as the Chu-Han War (206-202 BC), and the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 AD). continued. The dynasty was temporarily interrupted by the New Dynasty (AD 9-23), established by the usurping regent Wang Mang, so the Western Han (AD 202 - AD 9. 25-220 AD) and the Western Han (AD 202 - AD 9) Eastern Han (25-220 AD). The four-century Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history and has influenced the identity of Chinese civilization ever since. The majority ethnic group in modern China calls itself the "Han people", the Chinese language is known as "Han", and the written Chinese is called "Han characters".
The emperor was the head of Han society. Although he presided over the Han government, he shared power with nobles and appointed ministers drawn primarily from the learned aristocracy. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by a central government known as the Commander-in-Chief, and several semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost any trace of their independence, especially after the Seven States Rebellion. Emperor Wu (r. 141-87 BC 400 BC), the Chinese court officially promoted Confucianism in education and court policy. This policy lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
The Han Dynasty enjoyed a period of economic prosperity and saw significant growth in the monetary economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). Coins issued by the Central Government Mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907). This period saw many limited institutional innovations. To fund military campaigns and settlement of newly conquered border areas, the Han government nationalized the provinces in 117 BC. These government monopolies were later abolished in the Eastern Han dynasty, but the private salt and iron industry. Science and technology made significant progress during the Han dynasty. The process of papermaking, the rudder of navigational control ships, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, his maps in relief, the hydraulic armillary sphere for astronomy, the use of seismometers, etc. An inverted pendulum that can be used to identify the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes.
The Han dynasty is known for its many conflicts with the Xiongnu, a nomadic grassland federation to the north of the dynasty. The Xiongnu initially had the upper hand in these conflicts. They defeated the Han in 200 BC. and effectively subjugated the Han as partners to his subordinates and vassals for decades while continuing military raids on the dynasty's borders. This was changed in 133 BC. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the Han army launched a series of intensive campaigns and operations against the Xiongnu. The Han eventually defeated the Xiongnu in these campaigns, forcing the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as a Han tributary. In addition, the operation brought the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin of Central Asia under Han control, split the Xiongnu into his two separate federations, and established a vast trade network known as the Silk Road that stretched all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. I helped. Areas north of the Han border were later conquered by the nomadic Xianbei Federation. Emperor Wu also launched a successful military expedition to the south and annexed China in 111 BC. 109 BC Nanyue and 109 BC. Chr. Dian. He also extended Han territory to the North Korean peninsula, where Han forces captured and conquered Gojoseon in 108 BC.
After 92 AD, the eunuchs became increasingly involved in the court politics of the dynasty, engaging in violent power struggles between the Empress and the various consort clans of the Empress Dowager Wang, ultimately resulting in the downfall of Han. I was. The imperial authority was also seriously challenged by the major Taoist religious groups that instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Wujiamu Rebellion. After the death of Emperor Ling (r. AD 168–189), court eunuchs were massacred at the hands of military officers, and nobles and military governors became warlords, dividing the empire. The Han dynasty ceased to exist when Cao Pi, the king of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian.
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