The core technology of blockchain mainly consists of four parts, namely consensus mechanism, distributed storage, smart contract and cryptography. Each technology has its own role in the whole blockchain system. The following is a more detailed introduction by ait world.
1、 Consensus mechanism
The consensus mechanism is actually the mining principle we mentioned before, because there is no central authority in the distributed network of blockchain. Therefore, the network needs a decision-making mechanism to facilitate consensus among participants. The consensus mechanism is a mechanism to coordinate everyone's data processing. Because if everyone can participate, with so many data recorded, who should be used? Therefore, the consensus mechanism determines who gets the bookkeeping right of these data. The consensus mechanism mainly plays the role of data maintenance. At present, common consensus mechanisms include: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake.
2、 Distributed storage
Distributed storage, in short, is a data storage technology that stores data in multiple places. The stored data can be shared among multiple participants, and everyone can participate with the same power. Recording data together mainly serves the function of data storage.
Distributed storage is a data storage technology. It uses the disk space on each machine through the network and forms a virtual storage device with these distributed storage resources. Data is stored in various corners of the network. Therefore, distributed storage technology does not store complete data in every computer, but stores the data in different computers after cutting.
3、 Smart contract
Smart contract is a computer protocol designed to spread, verify or execute contracts in an information-based way. It's a little like a technology that everyone formulates rules and the machine automatically executes them. Because the data stored and maintained in the network always needs to be executed by someone, and smart contracts can also conduct reliable transactions without a third party, and these transactions can be tracked and irreversible. Therefore, smart contracts mainly play the role of data execution in the system.
1. Mechanism for implementing smart contracts: decentralized network+consensus mechanism+motivated miners
2. Value transfer function: endogenous programmable digital currency
3. Decentralized and always on computing network, the neutral, fair and always working blockchain is not only embedded with the digital currency system, but also programmable and extensible. It has the advantages of decentralization, tamper proof, transparent process, traceability, etc., and is naturally suitable for smart contracts.
Blockchain provides the best technical soil for smart contracts, and the functions of smart contracts also greatly expand the application prospects of blockchain. At present, it is generally believed that smart contracts are automatically executed digital contracts based on blockchain technology.
4、 Cryptology
Cryptography is a special encryption and decryption technology. In the blockchain system, a variety of cryptography technologies are applied, including hash algorithms, public and private keys, digital signatures, etc., to ensure the data security of the entire system and prove the ownership of the data. Only with it can we prove that "I am me" in the network and that this is my Bitcoin rather than your Bitcoin.
The relationship between the four core technologies:
1. Distributed storage builds the basic preliminary framework of blockchain
It is equivalent to a distributed database. When a piece of data is generated and processed, it will be stored in this database, so distributed storage plays a role in data storage in the blockchain.
2. The consensus mechanism coordinates node behavior and clarifies data processing in the blockchain
Because distributed storage has the characteristics of decentralization, it determines that the structure of the blockchain network presents a distributed state, so each user can freely join it and jointly participate in the addition, deletion, modification and query of data. But at the same time, a headache arises, that is, the more people participate in the network, the more difficult it is for the whole network to maintain the same appeal.
In this way, another mechanism is needed to coordinate the consistency of the accounts of the whole node. At this time, the consensus mechanism appeared. A set of rules was formulated to define the process of each person's data processing, and the consensus among nodes was achieved by competing for management rights. The final person who obtained management rights would use the data processed by the whole network to unify. Therefore, the consensus mechanism plays a role in coordinating node behavior and clarifying data processing in the blockchain.
3. Cryptology determines the underlying data architecture
Data is not simply packaged into a distributed database, but the underlying data architecture is determined by blockchain cryptography.
The data block packaged by the database will be processed into a chained structure through the hash function in cryptography. However, because the hash algorithm has the characteristics of one-way and anti tampering, as long as it is in the blockchain network, once the data is linked, it can not be tampered with and can be traced.
In addition, the account will also be encrypted through asymmetric encryption, thus ensuring the security of the data and verifying the ownership of the data.
4. Smart contract is responsible for data execution and application
Finally, we can build a smart contract based on the objective conditions of distributed storage. When we need to solve the "trust crisis", through the smart contract, we can filter the conditions of the agreements between users in the form of code and execute them through programs, while the data in the blockchain can be called and decomposed through the smart contract. Therefore, smart contracts play the role of data execution and application in the blockchain.
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