Yana Sane

This article discusses how propaganda has developed into a more complex psychological device for shaping public opinion and promoting geopolitical interests. It traces its history from the early days of World War I and World War II, when repetition, emotional appeals, and fear were the most effective weapons, to the digital age, where social media and data analytics facilitate personalized manipulation. Psychological principles, such as in-group dynamics, authority, and emotional triggers, form the foundation of its effectiveness. It discusses case studies on the ideological battles of the Cold War, the censorship and messaging in China, and the post-9/11 narratives in the U.S. Finally, it raises ethical questions about propaganda and its influence on truth, critical thinking, and societal trust and calls for media literacy and awareness to fight manipulation.